Genetic improvement is given by the genetic progress of a population performance from one generation to the next. Few steps are necessary to achieve genetic improvement: identification of a group of traits we want to improve (selection objective), animal data recording, accurate separation of environmental effects from the genetic contribution of a given performance (genetic evaluation), inclusion of the estimated breeding values in one selection criterion that accounts for all correlations among the traits of interest and for the relative economic weights (selection index), and eventually the selection of the best breeders according to the selection index, to obtain the next generation (selection scheme). The selection objective of the Italian Holstein Friesian Association is to improve milk quality and quantity together with functional longevity of the animal. The milk quality and conformation index (ILQM) is the national selection index, which includes eighty percent weight on production and twenty percent weight on conformation traits. The expected genetic progress after ten years of selection is 1035 kg of milk, 44 kg of fat, 41 kg of protein, 0.08% of fat percent, 0.07% of protein percent and 0.33 of the mammary composite index