Enhancement of phosphate-fertilizer efficiency by phosphate solubilizing microbes and its prospect in Indonesia
1998
Premono, M.E. (Pusat Penelitian Perkebunan Gula Indonesia, Pasuruan (Indonesia))
For many years, agricultural extensification and intensification for staple food production is still relevant issue in Indonesia. In order to make a success, this program need about four million ton phosphate-fertilizer in the year of 2000. It is very hard for the government due to the P-fertilizer raw material import and the depreciation of Rupiah against US dollar. For these reasons, the efficient use of P-fertilizer in agricultural system is urgently needed. Phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSM) can be used in agricultural low P-fertilizer system, because the microbes are active on the root surface and exude organic substances. These substances will form stable complexes with Al3+, Fe3+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ and will be adsorpted by positive-charge clay. These mechanisms make phosphate always in the state of dissolved compound as orthophosphate that is available for plant. In addition, microbes produce phytohormones, vitamines, siderophore, antibiotics; grow very fast; and could colonize the root surface. Due to this characters, the microbes could be used to improve plant growth by various mechanisms, such that they are defined as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria or yield increasing bacteria. Many studies showed that PSM Pseudomonas putida strain was excellent root colonizer that could increase P-fertilizer efficiency, improve the growth of tomato, maize, tobacco, and sugarcane, and also improve the macro and micronutrient status in the maize plant tissue, especially for phosphorous and iron
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