Biotechnology and aquatic genetic resources: genes and genetically modified organisms
1999
Penman, D.J. (University of Stirling, Scotland (United Kingdom). Inst. of Aquaculture)
This paper focuses on the genetic changes, which may be brought about in captive populations of aquatic organisms as a consequence of the captive environment and management regimes or by intentional human actions. These changes include adaptation to captive environments (domestication); improvement of specific traits; interspecific hybridization; monosex male or female populations, triploidy or tetraploidy; gynogenetic or androgenetic lines; nucleocytoplasmic hybridization; and transgenic strains. Such changes may occur in populations maintained for aquaculture, fisheries enhancement, ornamental fish breeding or research. Genetic improvements through breeding programs have led to great improvements in productivity in other agricultural animals and are an increasing feature in aquaculture. Formulation of policies addressing biotechnology is hindered by inconsistent nomenclature, e.g. the term "genetically modified organism" (GMO) is currently used with varying definitions by different organizations, which is likely to be confusing. While organisms that would be included within the narrowest definition of GMO (principally transgenic organisms) are likely to cause the broadest level of concerns, some other types of captively produced organisms could also have negative environmental impacts and may need to be included in policy considerations
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