Results of a 35-year ploughless tillage experiment at Changins (1970-2004). Part III: Weeds, Diseases, Pests and Slugs | Resultats de 35 ans de culture sans labour a Changins. III. Mauvaises herbes, maladies fongiques et ravageurs
2006
Vullioud, P. | Delabays, N. | Frei, P. | Mercier, E. (Agroscope Changins-Waedenswil (ACW), Nyon (Switzerland))
A tillage experiment was set up in 1969 at Changins to investigate the long-term effects of different ploughless tillage treatments. A crop rotation of winter wheat, winter oil seed rape, winter wheat and maize was grown on a clay humic and on a loamy soil. Three ploughless techniques were compared with conventional mouldboard ploughing: deep cultivation with a chisel plough (25-30 cm depth), shallow cultivation with a cultivator (10-15 cm) and minimum tillage with a rotary harrow (5-7 cm depth), occasionally replaced by direct drilling (wheat and rape) and strip tillage (maize). From 1991 to 2003, a general increase of the seed bank was observed in the soil, more pronounced by ploughless treatments. There was no systematic correspondence between abundance of annual weeds and tillage treatments except for the group oil seed rape (Brassica napus) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) which showed a significant decrease by minimum tillage. Perennial weeds were efficiently controlled by target aimed herbicides. Wheat ear fusarium disease (Fusarium graminaeum and F. poae) only caused few damages because of the tolerant wheat variety and unfavourable climatic conditions to that disease.On oil seed rape, attacks of phoma (Phoma lingam) didnt reveal any difference between soil tillage treatments. During a season with a high contamination of stemkanker (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), rape plants were significantly more infected in minimum tilled plots than in ploughed ones. Insect pests and slugs could be controlled using either chemical products or biological methods if available over the whole experimental field.
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