The effect of light duty liquid detergent (Dish washing detergent) on the common pistachio psylla, soil and plant.

The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae is known as the key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. This study was carried out during years 1380-1382 to test the effect of dish washing detergent (Rika®) against the common pistachio psylla in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments were including.1- 3500 ml dish washing detergent per 1000 liter water 2- 2000 ml dish washing detergent per 1000 liter water 3- 1000 ml dish washing detergent + 500 ml insecticide (Mitac®) per 1000 liter water 4- 1500 ml insecticide (Mitac®) per 1000 liter water 5-water (control). Mitac® was used as a common insecticide in compare to different concentrations of dish washing detergent (Rika®). The results showed that in 2nd and 7th days after spraying there are no significant differences between 3rd and 4th treatments, but there were significant differences between Mitac® and 1st and 2nd treatments. The percentage of mortality of mitac treatment was higher than other treatments (1, 2, 3) in 14th and 21st days after spraying, furthermore there were significant differences between Mitac® and other treatments. The side effect of this treatment on the parasitoid psyllaephagus pistaciae indicated that dish washing detergent on the susceptible and resistance stages of psyllaephagus were evaluated as harmless and slightly harmful group, respectively. In addition, Mitac® in two above mentioned stages of wasp were evaluated in slightly harmful group. However, in order to determine the effects of dish washing detergent on soil and pistachio plant, an orchard was selected in no.1 experimental research station (Nasserieh). The orchard was divided to three blocks and in each block (replicate) 4 treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design for 3 years. The treatments were including: A- 3500 ml dish washing detergent per 1000 liter water B- 1000 ml dish washing detergent per 1000 liter water + 500 ml insecticide (Mitac®) per 1000 liter water C- 1500 ml insecticide (Mitac®) per 1000 liter water D- water (control). Leaf sampling was performed in mid July of each year from 5 experimental trees in each block. Samples were prepared for the determination of P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. Yield of 5 trees of different treatments in each block were harvested in mid September of each year and the dry weight of yield, blank percentage, nut splitting percentage and the number of nuts per 100 g were determined. The above mentioned mineral elements of leaves were determined in hull, shell and kernel. Furthermore, the gas exchange, chlorophyll contents, relative water content, residue of dish washing detergent (Rika®) in leaf and fruit, yield content, percentage of abscised buds and percentage of leaf abscission were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using procedures of a software package SAS or MSTAT-C. Comparisons between means were tested by Duncan method. Finally, after three years experiment, compound statistical analyses were performed. The results indicated that the effects of different treatments on Ec and pH of soil, mineral elements of leaf and different parts of fruit, relative water content and leaf chlorophyll were not significant, but usage of dish washing detergent (Rika®) in compare to control showed increase of active anionic material in sub soil, leaf and fruit. By lapse of time in treated plants with dish washing detergent (Rika®) increase of Na, decrease of Fe in leaf and hull and decline in gas changes and photosynthesis were observed.