Biogeography of Apis cerana in South Asia
2004
Smith, D.R. | Warrit, N.,University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 (USA). Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Haworth Hall 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Entomology Program | Hepburn, R. | Otis,G. | Muzaffar, N.
Mitochodrial DNA sequences, particularly non-coding sequences, have contributed to our understanding of the intraspecific variation and biogeography of Apis cerana F. New data on A. cerana populations from Pakistan, Burma (Mayanmar), Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam is presented and integrated with a larger Asian data set including Thailand and Malaysia. Eighteen different mitochondrial non-coding sequences were detected, of which five (Pakistan, Laos, Vietnam, Combodia 1 and Cambodia 2) were previously unreported. These 18 sequences belong to two A. cerana mitochondrial lineages, Mainland Asia and Sundaland. In the Mainland Asian lineage, the Japan 7 mitochondrial sequence is the most widespread, occuring in A. cerana populations from Japan to Burma. The numerous georaphically localized sequences differ from Japan 1 by one to four insertion/deletions on base substitutions. The Japan 1 sequence has not yet been found in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, in which the sequences are divergent from others in mainland Asia. Sequences belonging to the Sundaland mitochondrial group occur in A. cerana in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand South of the Isthmus of Kra (10 deg 34' N), but have not yet been found in Vietnam. An anomalous population of A. cerana in east Central Burma was found to carry a Sundaland mtRNA, though all other Burmese populations caried Mainland Asian mtDNA.
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