[Micromycetes in ecological evaluation of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems]

Achievements in the field of micromycetes ecology are generalized. The high bioindicator potential of micobiot at levels of community, a population and an organism is shown. The opportunity of use of fungi in ecological estimation water and ground ecosystems is confirmed experimentally and at decision of practical problems. The bioindication in water environment is possible on parameters of obligate water and terrigenous fungi. At study reservoirs of different proaccuracy and a degree of their pollution primary water fungi (Oomycota) have greater diagnostic value. The distinctions between soil and water biotopes under content, spatial distribution and seasonal dynamics of terrigenous micromycetes are revealed. The share of fungi on orders concedes bacterial in microbic biomass of reservoirs. The content of fungi with depth in water increases and decreases in ground and ground adjournment. Seasonal dynamics of terrigenous mycobiot is brighter in firm surrounding medium in comparison with water. Significant correlations between the parameters of aggregate number of micromycetes in water ecosystems, water temperature and water electrical conductivity, maintenance of general phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen, number of bacteria and zooplankton are found out. The parameter aggregate number of micromycetes is effective as bioindicator only in comparison of territories with a high level of technogenic development pressure and undisturbed biotopes. The indexes of diversity of fungi which increase in a number of undisturbed soils with growth of acidity and decrease at influence of heavy metals, oil pollution, waste phosphogypsum are more important. Bioindicator value of structural changes of fungi communities is great: a parity of dark-colored and light-colored, a slow grower and fast grower fungi, sporous and filamentous fungi biomass. The informativity of ecological indexes of specific riches is small. The accessory of populations to different biotopes under characteristics of electrophoretic spectra of filamentous isozymes is differentiated. Growth rate, pigmentation of colonies and other morphological and cultural attributes of some fungi (for example, Fusarium oxysporum), and also dynamics of isozym spectrum can serve as markers of pollutant influence. Fusarium oxysporum is recommended for use in ecological monitoring soil and water ecosystems. The bioindicator properties of fungi can be used also for forecasting of ecological situation development.