[Expression of species genomes of the biosphere]
2008
Savchenko, V.K., National Academy of Sciences (Belarus). Institute of Genetics and Cytology
Gene expression of the species genomes in the biosphere includes two successive molecular processes: transcription and translation. Expression of the prokaryote genomes is based on the simultaneous transcription and translation as far as their cells do not have a nucleus membrane. Gene expression in eukaryote genomes is represented as the multilevel process. The first level of eukaryotic genome expression is connected with the activation of genes for their transcription by means of the decondensation of DNA molecules. Various general, non-regulated and regulated factors in the form of proteins with a certain number of subunits take part in the regulation of genome transcription in eukaryotes. Complex eukaryotic genomes containing a large number of enhancers responsible for the different internal and external signals are able to combine their several states for the regulation of expression of a quantity of the other associated genes. Genotype formation into organism phenotype is a complex process mediated by genome expression, translation of mRNA molecules in cells and tissues, formation of proteome and metabolome in the form of a quantity of proteins and metabolites of cells and organs at each discrete moment of life cycle. Gene transformation into phenotype trait is not a function of an individual gene; it involves the complex of interactions of various genes, proteins and metabolites. This process has nonlinear character and is based on gene and protein networks and metabolic pathways taking place on the genomic, cenogenomic and genosphere levels
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