Cultivation approaches and techniques for annual super-high-yielding of rice and wheat in the lower reaches of Yangtze River

صينى. 水稻和小麦是中国两大最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻和小麦超高产对保证中国粮食安全具有重要意义。本文依据作者超高产研究与实践，介绍了长江下游稻麦周年超高产（周年产量＞21 t•ha-1）技术途径与关键栽培技术。主要的技术途径是：在一定穗数基础上，通过主攻大穗扩大库容；提高茎蘖成穗率和粒叶比协调源库关系；增加抽穗期的糖花比/糖粒比提高籽粒库生理活性；培育健壮根系提高结实期物质生产能力，促进物质运转提高收获指数。关键栽培技术为：应用Stanford公式确定氮、磷、钾施肥总量，依据叶绿素测定仪（SPAD值）或叶色卡（LCC）读数确定主要生育期氮肥施用量；分生育阶段依据低限土壤水势或土壤埋水深度进行精确定量灌溉。对当前和今后一段时间内稻麦周年超高产栽培理论与技术研究的重点提出了建议。

إنجليزي. Rice and wheat are most important food crops in China. The realization of their super-high-yielding is of great significance in ensuring food security in this country. Based on our researches and practices in super-high-yielding, this paper introduced the cultivation approaches and key techniques for obtaining super-high-yielding of rice and wheat (annual grain yield＞21 t•ha-1). The main approaches include enlarging sink size through stabling panicle/spike number and increasing spikelets/grains per panicle/spike, coordinating source-sink relationship through increasing the percentage of productive tillers and grain-leaf ratio, enhancing sink (grain) strength through increasing sugar-spikelet ratio or sugar-grain ratio at heading, increasing matter production capacity through fostering a healthy and strong root system during the grain filling period, and increasing harvest index through enhancing remobilization of assimilates from vegetative tissues to grains. The key techniques were developed, i.e., the applications of total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were determined according to Stanford Formula, and the application of nitrogen at each main growth stage was based on chlorophyll meter (SPAD) or leaf color chart (LCC) readings. Precise and quantitative irrigation was conducted by controlling the low-limit of soil water potentials or the depth of soil water at different growth stages. Key points for the super-high-yielding research in rice and wheat at present and in near future were suggested.