Dynamic research on 3 landscape function types of Zhifanggou watershed | 纸坊沟小流域3种景观功能类型的动态变化研究

صينى. 统计分析纸坊沟流域3种景观功能类型的动态变化过程，为流域治理效果评价和进一步的景观格局优化提供依据。以纸坊沟流域1982，1990，2005和2009年的景观斑块图为基础，应用GIS技术对其进行数字化，运用景观生态学原理建立纸坊沟流域景观分类系统，对流域景观进行分类并统计各类型景观指数，分析流域景观功能类型在不同治理时期的动态变化。（1）利用建立的景观分类系统，可将纸坊沟流域景观划分为生态防护型、经济生产型和生活服务型3种功能类型；根据人类活动对景观的影响，又可将其划分为人类主导景观和自然景观。（2）各个治理时期，生态防护型景观斑块的数量、面积及周长均最大，是流域的主导景观；生态防护型景观形状最复杂，表明其受到的人类干扰最小；生活服务型景观的斑块密度和边缘密度最大，其景观破碎化程度高；人类主导景观的数量、面积占流域景观的半数以上。（3）不同治理时期生态防护型景观斑块面积持续增加，经济生产型景观面积相对减少，各景观功能类型的景观形状指数和分维数增加；自然景观与人类主导景观斑块数量与面积比例随时间推移而减小。国家各项政策措施使人类对脆弱生态系统的干扰减弱，生态系统得以休养生息，其内因演替逐渐得以增强。

إنجليزي. The dynamic process of 3 landscape function types of Zhifanggou watershed was statistically analyzed to provide a basis for further optimization of the landscape pattern and evaluation of the watershed management effect. Based on drawing Zhifanggou watershed landscape patches map in field and geographical information technology, the landscape function type of Zhifanggou watershed, located in loess hilly-gully region, were researched. After digitizing the landscape patches map indoor, the landscape classification system was established on the basis of landscape ecology principle, then the correlative landscape indices were calculated to analyze the dynamic changes of landscape function types. (1) According to the classification system, the landscape of watershed could be divided into three major types as ecological protection, economic-production and living-service type. According to the effect of human activities on landscape, the landscape was divided into human directed landscape and natural landscape. (2) In each treatment periods, the eco-protection landscape type is the dominant landscape of watershed, of which the quantity, area and edge length are the largest. At the same time, the shape of eco-protection landscape is the most complicated, which indicates this type is disturbed by the human activities to the smallest extent. The patch density and edge density of living-service landscape are the largest. Furthermore, the landscape fragmentation degree of this type is also high, the number and area of human-directed landscape are more than half of this watershed landscape. (3) At different management stages, the area of eco-protection landscape patches is continuously increasing, while the area of eco-production is relatively decreasing. Meanwhile, the landscape shape index and fractal dimension of 3 landscape function type all increase. With the passage of time, the area ratio of natural landscape and human directed landscape decrease while the proportion of these two landscape types has the same tendency. The human interference of fragile ecosystem has been abating due to the national policies and measures, which renders ecosystem to rehabilitation, and the intensity of endogenous succession of artificial vegetation increases.