Flower bud differentiation and anther development of Tagetes patula L. | 孔雀草花芽分化和花药发育

صينى. 采用形态观察、石蜡切片和半薄切片技术，研究春季和秋季孔雀草花芽分化和花药发育的过程和特点，为孔雀草高产优质栽培、花期调控及高效育种工作提供理论依据。结果表明：孔雀草具备菊科植物典型的头状花序，其头状花序由舌状花和管状花组成；孔雀草的花芽分化始于第2对真叶原基分化以后，花芽分化的顺序是按花序原基分化期—苞片原基分化期—舌状花原基分化期—管状花原基分化期—舌状花分化期—管状花分化期进行的；不同品种、不同季节,孔雀草的花芽分化起始时间和持续时间有所差别，孔雀草在秋季播种开花更早；孔雀草的花药发育经历了孢原细胞、造孢细胞、小孢子母细胞、二分体、四分体、小孢子、成熟花粉粒等过程，其绒毡层为变形绒毡层，成熟花粉粒为三胞花粉粒。

إنجليزي. To provide theoretical bases for improving yield and quality of cultivation, regulating flower time and breeding efficiently, the morphological observation, paraffin section and semithin section were used to investigate the process and characteristics of the flower bud differentiation and anther development of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) at both spring and autumn. The results showed that French mariglod had a typical capitulum consisted of ray florets and disk florets. The differentiation of flower bud was not beginning until the first two pairs of leaf primordium differentiation. The differentiation process of inflorescence was consistent with the sequence as follows: inflorescence primordium differentiation phase, bract primordium differentiation phase, ray floret primordium differentiation phase, disk floret primordium differentiation phase, ray floret differentiation phase and disk floret differentiation phase. There were differences in the initial and duration time of the differentiation of flower bud in different species and at different seasons, showing earlier time at autumn. The process of anther development was as follows: archesporial cell, sporogenous cell, microspore mother cell, dyad, tetrad, microspore, and matured pollen grain. The tapetum is amoeboid tapetum and the matured pollen grain is tri-cellular pollen.