Metabolism of selenium in microorganisms(Basilewsky)) | 硒是双刃剑？——谈微生物中的硒代谢

صينى. 硒位于元素周期表第Ⅵ主族,是一种生命必需的微量元素,是第21位氨基酸硒代半胱氨酸、硒代甲硫氨酸和含硒酶的必需组分。硒在人体免疫系统、抗癌、抗氧化等方面发挥重要作用,缺硒会导致40种以上的疾病。硒以Se（-Ⅱ）、Se（0）、Se（＋Ⅳ）和Se（＋Ⅵ）4种价态存在,所有价态间的转化都有微生物的参与。本文主要综述最近几年国内外微生物代谢硒的研究进展,包括硒对生命体的重要作用与机制,硒的化学性质与生物地球化学循环,硒的氧化、还原和甲基化等多样的代谢硒的微生物类群,微生物代谢硒的分子机制;并探讨了微生物代谢硒在未来的关注点和实际应用。阐明微生物代谢硒在生物地球化学循环、生物多样性、植物富硒、人类健康和环境污染治理等方面都发挥着重要作用。

إنجليزي. Selenium（Se）,belonging to group Ⅵ of the periodic table,is an essential trace element for cell activity as it is required for its incorporation into selenocysteine,selenomethionine and its function in selenoenzymes.Se plays a key role on human immune function,antioxidant defense systems and anticancer.In contrast,insufficient supply of Se is associated with more than 40 diseases.Se exists as four metastable oxidation states in the environment：（-Ⅱ）,（0）,（＋Ⅳ）,and（＋Ⅵ）.Microorganisms take part in all transformation process of those different oxidation states.This review highlights recent advances and summarizes microbial selenium metabolisms in the following aspects：（1）the important function and mechanism of selenium in life;（2）chemistry characteristics and biogeochemical cycle of selenium;（3）diverse population of microorganisms related to oxidation,reduction and methylation of selenium;（4）microbial molecular mechanisms of selenium;and（5）providing a prelude to research spot and application in the future according to our results.In this article,we conclude that microbial metabolisms of selenium plays a fundamental role on biogeochemical cycle,biodiversity,selenium uptake of plant,human health and bioremediation.