Noroviruses in livestock, pets and public health impact.
2017
Alfieri, A. A. | Leme, R. A. | Alfieri, A. F.
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (diarrhoea and vomiting) worldwide. The virus was reported from humans and later was identified in different symptomatic and/or asymptomatic animal species, such as bovine, ovine, swine, canine and feline. In animals NoV infection is supposedly associated with enteritis; however, the pathogenic role of NoV infection and its impact in animal health are currently uncertain. NoVs have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome of diverse molecular feature. Currently, NoVs are classified into six genogroups (GI-GVI), with the proposed seventh (GVII) and at least 31 genotypes. The GI, GV and GVI are species-specific genogroups, while the GII, GIII and GIV share different host species, including humans. The close genetic relationship among different NoV strains detected from both humans and animals raised the possibility of this virus has zoonotic potential. This review aimed to address the NoV classification, morphological and molecular features, epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathology, diagnosis, treatment and management. A broad approach is given on the importance of NoVs as a cause of disease in livestock and pets and on studies into the potential for zoonotic transmission and public health.
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