Potentialities for payment mechanisms for environmental services in the Congo Basin forests : The case of biodiversity conservation

The present study investigates the potential for direct payment for biodiversity conservation implementation in the Congo Basin. A survey realized in 31 protected areas in the Congo Basin showed that some initiatives, starting with raising awareness, are used to raise local participation in conservation, but there are very few conservation agreements with local people. Attempt to biodiversity conservation in/around PAs is done through three main approaches. Indirect incentive approaches are the most used (63%) in front of direct incentives for sustainable biodiversity use (30%). Direct incentives for biodiversity conservation (7%) are quite new and are still not bound by conservation contracts. Five initiatives are being implemented including rewards for denunciating poachers (in 2 PAs), conservation of marine turtles in Campo Ma¿an TUO, compensation of farmers for damages caused by wildlife in their farmland and paying a local community to set aside an area as no man¿s land for carbon sequestration evaluation. Three other initiatives are still in their planning phase. They are conservation concession projects proposed by conservation organizations (WWF, CI and BCI) to governments of Cameroon, CAR and DRC. Use-restriction on some elements of the biodiversity like wildlife is likely to be the best PES scheme in the Congo Basin compared to area-based schemes, since people heavily depend on land for their livelihood. The success of the conservation contracts will depend on securing property rights, a careful evaluation of opportunity costs considering ways and customs of local people, a clear definition of indicators (people efforts and results), a democratic and equitable use of compensation funds and an establishment of a strong institutional framework and monitoring authority for contract enforcement. All this may involve high transaction costs to improve efficiency of payments. Conservation contracts in the Congo Basin may not be such a cheap way to achieve biodiversity conservation as thought by many conservationists. A part from biodiversity market, possible mechanisms to finance them can be Trust fund for PA management and the future REDD mechanism. Finally, government efforts in clarification of customary rights will be required. However, the efficiency of conservation contracts to achieve biodiversity conservation is widely recognized and there is a great interest of conservationists for direct payments for biodiversity conservation in the Congo Basin. (Résumé d'auteur)