RNA-Mediated Processes in Epigenetics; an Integrative View in the Maintenance of Homeostasis. Frontiers in Genetics (2020), Section RNA

Epigenetics is a mechanism linking environmental factors to altered gene activity encompassing DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-mediated processes. Non-coding RiboNucleic Acid (small or large ncRNA) are involved in epigenetic regulation directly silencing or activating chromatin at specific loci or through their integrated role into the machinery driving DNA methylation. These molecules are opening new avenues for therapeutic purposes or for assaying exogenous non-coding RNA acquisition on the physiology of host and putative consequences across generations. Endogenous molecules can be manipulated by environmental factors. However, they can also be supplied as exogenous molecules with various vectors inducing fluctuation of activity in some chromosomal regions like the circadian clock or the neuronal memory. The disruption of the homeostatic balance may cause several pathologies. A better understanding will help the short-term recovery from stroke or bone fractures, as well as designing a prevention strategy for long-term ailment such as metabolic diseases.Epigenetic changes hold the memory of the effects of environmental factors to which an individual is subjected throughout his life. This Research Topic aims to provide a representative overview of the role of miRNA or long non-coding RNA in homeostasis maintenance. First by focusing on the impact of physical stresses (i.e. stress, cold, high-fat diets, early-weaning) altering the RNA-mediated processes at the cellular level (encompassing gut-brain relation, cardiovascular system, osteogenesis, or immunity) of offspring and later generations. A crucial period is in early development, pre- and postnatal. The epigenome is particularly sensitive to the effects of the environment, and individuals build their health capital to respond later, more or less well, to the vagaries of life (aging, health disorders). Second, through the interaction between endogenous and exogenous non-coding RNA with consequences in expression tuning and buffering (i.e. canalization concept).