Using genetic and phenetic markers to assess population isolation within the southernmost tsetse fly belt in Africa

De Beer, Chantel J.; Venter, Gert J.; Vreysen, Marc J.B.; Mulandane, Fernando C.; Neves, Luis; Mdluli, Sihle; Koekemoer, Otto

Using genetic and phenetic markers to assess population isolation within the southernmost tsetse fly belt in Africa

2019

De Beer, Chantel J.(Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research ( Department of Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors) | Venter, Gert J.(Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research ( Department of Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors ,University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary and Tropical Diseases) | Vreysen, Marc J.B.(Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Insect Pest Control Laboratory) | Mulandane, Fernando C.(Eduardo Mondlane University Biotechnology Centre) | Neves, Luis(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary and Tropical Diseases,Eduardo Mondlane University Biotechnology Centre) | Mdluli, Sihle(Epidemiology Unit Department of Veterinary Services) | Koekemoer, Otto(Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research ( Department of Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors ,University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary and Tropical Diseases)

The effective control of tsetse flies (Diptera; Glossinidae), the biological vectors of trypanosome parasites that cause human African trypanosomosis and African animal trypanosomosis throughout sub-Saharan Africa, is crucial for the development of productive livestock systems. The degree of genetic isolation of the targeted populations, which indicate reinvasion potential from uncontrolled areas, will be critical to establish a control strategy. Molecular and morphometrics markers were used to assess the degree of genetic isolation between seemingly fragmented populations of Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina austeni Newstead present in South Africa. These populations were also compared with flies from adjacent areas in Mozambique and Eswatini. For the molecular markers, deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted, a r16S2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed and the PCR product sequenced. Nine landmarks were used for the morphometrics study as defined by vein intersections in the right wings of female flies. Generalised Procrustes analyses and regression on centroid size were used to determine the Cartesian coordinates for comparison between populations. Both methods indicated an absence of significant barriers to gene flow between the G. brevipalpis and G. austeni populations of South Africa and southern Mozambique. Sustainable control can only be achieved if implemented following an area-wide management approach against the entire G. brevipalpis and G. austeni populations of South Africa and southern Mozambique. Limited gene flow detected between the G. austeni population from Eswatini and that of South Africa or Mozambique may imply that these two populations are in the proses of becoming isolated.

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