?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? | Working together within the concept one health in the battle against the global threat of the antimicrobial resistance ? the experience in the Republic of North Macedonia

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents complex, multidisciplinary problem that threatens human and animal health. Multiple sectors have a key role in the development and spread of AMR, not just in the veterinary medicine, but in the human medicine, ecology and environment. The proper use of antimicrobials, the correct handling of multidrug-resistant pathogens and exchange of information between the government organizations, national and international bodies is essential in the battle against the global threat of the AMR.The purpose of the study was to determine the spread of antimicrobial resistance in food producing animals according to Commission Implementing Decision 2013/652/EU on the monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and commensal bacteria, harmonized in the Program for antimicrobial resistance for the period 2017-2021 (?Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia? no.49/17) and to make comparison with the data about the spread of antimicrobial resistance in human medicine in routine antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinical bacteriology blood and CSF cultures in microbiology laboratories. Samples were collected at the A total number of 248 samples and 92 isolates was collected for detection of antimicrobial resistance from slaughterhouse, fecal samples from poultry laying farms or retail meat samples. Samples were tested for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Indicator commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli). The broth microdilution method and commercial prepared plates in accordance with the Decision 2013/652 were used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria. For the blood samples and CSF cultures disk diffusion methods and automated systems were used. A total number of 255 isolates were used for antimicrobial susceptibility in 2017 for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalisand E. faecium.