A comprehensive approach to modern aspects in sunflower selection

According to scientists of the NAAS network, the genetic potential of sunflower hybrids of Ukrainian selection is used in production by no more than 30%. Due to the reduction of the rotation period in crop rotation, crop losses from diseases increased from 10-15% to 35%, and in some favorable years for the development of diseases, losses only from rot are 70% or more. Phytopathological studies were performed on a stationary artificial infectious background of the Institute of Oilseeds NAAS during 2017-2020. We studied the biological resistance to major fungal diseases of new promising lines and hybrids of sunflower breeding institutions of NAAS (Institute of Plant Breeding Yur`eva). Synthetic artificial infectious background was formed during 16 years with forced introduction of infection during sowing of selection genotypes of sunflower. To assess the resistance of sunflower varieties to dry rot and embelization, the infectious background began to be created in 2012. Infectious material was developed in the immunity laboratory of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS by increasing pure cultures by the method of V.Y. White Assessment of resistance of sunflower to a number of diseases in the field was carried out according to the method of VP Mistletoe. Sowing was carried out with a seeding rate of 55 thousand / ha. According to the results of field and laboratory studies, sunflower lines and hybrids were identified, which were characterized by the duration of the growing season of the phase "seedlings-physiological maturity" in hybrids 95-110 days, in lines 85-105 days. The selected linear samples had a yield higher than the linear standard (ZL42 with a yield of 0.97 t/ha), and the studied sterile lines had a yield from 1.76 (+0.79) to 1.96 (+0.99) t/ha. Pollen fertility restorer lines had a yield at the level of 0.36 (-0.05) - 0.55 (+0.14) t/ha, when forming the yield of the control line ZL260V - 0.41 t / ha. Created hybrids based on these lines (parental components) formed a yield: Firstborn 3.34 t / ha, Tour - 3.80 t / ha, which is higher than the control hybrid Darius from 0.4 to 0.86 t / ha, respectively. The weight of 1000 seeds of sterile analogues varied in the range of 55.2 g - 56.4 g. In the lines of pollen fertility restorers in the range of 29.4-35.0 g. In the presented hybrids, the average weight of 1000 seeds was in the range of 57.0-60,1 g, while the standard Darius formed a mass of 1000 seeds within 49.0 g. The selected samples had a high percentage of fat accumulation in the seeds. This figure ranged from 49.76 (ZL96A) to 51.12% (ZL72A) among sterile analogues, while the standard sample ZL42A had an oil content of 49.26%. New selected sunflower hybrids were marked by fat content in seeds at the level of 51.88 (Prize) and 52.12% (Firstborn), while the hybrid - standard Darius also had a fairly high level of oil content, namely 48.13%. The presented lines and their hybrid combinations for the study period (2017-2020) combined relatively high resistance to powdery mildew, dry rot, embelisation and high economic performance. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment, a number of hybrids were identified. Among them are Tour, Prize and Firstborn. With such indicators, the presented hybrids are able to compete with dignity in the sunflower seed market.