The effect of wheat seedling density on photosynthesis may be associated with the phyllosphere microorganisms

Wheat seedlings are significantly impacted by the presence of bacteria. However, bacteria are unavoidably growing together with wheat. The study aimed to reveal wheat photosynthesis, phyllosphere bacterial community composition, and a shift in the bacterial community following different density treatments in a closed artificial ecosystem. Here, we report the relationship between photosynthesis and bacterial community in wheat seedlings for different planting densities. In this closed artificial ecosystem, a total of 30 phyla were detected, with 17 of them were simultaneously present in four treatments, under high light intensity and carbon dioxide growth environment. The key phyla detected include Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. We found that planting densities significantly impacted the photosynthetic characteristics of wheat and bacterial genetic biodiversity, but not on species composition of the bacterial community. Network analysis shows that the phyllosphere bacteria network structures were characterized by the clustering coefficient and modularity. Network for the 1000 plants/m² treatment group exhibits the highest levels of average clustering coefficient but lowest modularity and number of modules, among all plant densities tested. In addition, the network for the 1200 plants/m² treatment group exhibits the best characteristics in terms of net photosynthesis rate and intrinsic water use efficiency, higher complex phyllosphere community network structures, higher abundance of Corynebacterium, and more function of “Amino acid metabolism”, which encourages the plants to grow better. The findings presented in this work elucidated the role of plant density in the growth of phyllosphere bacteria during wheat seedlings and provided theoretical support for reasonable wheat density cultivation in closed artificial ecosystems and wheat field production.