Mineral requirements of low-birth-weight infants

The minerals calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) are essential for tissue structure and function. Recent studies have resulted in a more rational approach to the management of mineral intake in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN). For preterm infants requiring PN, the use of PN solutions with a Ca content of 1.25-1.5 mmol/dl (50-60 mg/dl), a P content of 1.29-1.45 mmol/dl (40-45 mg/dl), and an Mg content of 0.2-0.3 mmol/dl (5-7 mg/dl) is supported by studies of mineral homeostasis with serial chemical and calciotropic hormone measurements, standard balance studies, and improved radiographic indices of bone mineralization. For infants requiring EN, an intake of approximately 4 mmol (200 mg) of Ca, 3.2 mmol (100 mg) of P, and 0.33 mmol (8 mg) of Mg/kg/day based on an average retention rate of 64% for Ca, 71% for P, and 50% for Mg should be sufficient to meet the requirements of preterm infants in early infancy. This level of intake is supported by data from balance studies using standard and stable isotope techniques, changes in bone mineral content (BMC) measurements, and calciotropic hormone data. Based on the timing of development of fractures and rickets, changes in BMC, and skeletal growth data, the increased Ca and P intake should continue for at least 3 months after birth or until reaching a body weight of about 3.5 kg. In addition, nonnutritional factors may have the potential to increase mineral loss and disturb mineral homeostasis; chronic diuretic therapy increases mineral loss, and aluminum contamination of nutrients theoretically may compound any skeletal disorder. Thus, attention to the level of mineral intake and factors important in mineral loss and mineral metabolism should optimize mineral retention in small preterm infants.