Antibiotic resistance marker genes as environmental pollutants in GMO-pristine agricultural soils in Austria
2015
Woegerbauer, Markus | Zeinzinger, Josef | Gottsberger, Richard Alexander | Pascher, Kathrin | Hufnagl, Peter | Indra, Alexander | Fuchs, Reinhard | Hofrichter, Johannes | Kopacka, Ian | Korschineck, Irina | Schleicher, Corina | Schwarz, Michael | Steinwider, Johann | Springer, Burkhard | Allerberger, Franz | Nielsen, Kaare M. | Fuchs, Klemens
Antibiotic resistance genes may be considered as environmental pollutants if anthropogenic emission and manipulations increase their prevalence above usually occurring background levels. The prevalence of aph(3′)-IIa/nptII and aph(3′)-IIIa/nptIII – frequent marker genes in plant biotechnology conferring resistance to certain aminoglycosides – was determined in Austrian soils from 100 maize and potato fields not yet exposed to but eligible for GMO crop cultivation. Total soil DNA extracts were analysed by nptII/nptIII-specific TaqMan real time PCR. Of all fields 6% were positive for nptII (median: 150 copies/g soil; range: 31–856) and 85% for nptIII (1190 copies/g soil; 13–61600). The copy-number deduced prevalence of nptIII carriers was 14-fold higher compared to nptII. Of the cultivable kanamycin-resistant soil bacteria 1.8% (95% confidence interval: 0–3.3%) were positive for nptIII, none for nptII (0–0.8%). The nptII-load of the studied soils was low rendering nptII a typical candidate as environmental pollutant upon anthropogenic release into these ecosystems.
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