Peculiarities in atmospheric particle number and size-resolved speciation in an urban area in the western Mediterranean: Results from the DAURE campaign

Air quality degradation problems in urban environments are mainly due to road traffic emissions. In northern and central European cities extensive investigations have been carried out on the variability of number of ultrafine particles and black carbon, whereas studies in southern-Europe have traditionally focused on chemical speciation, resulting in insufficient information to characterise urban aerosol processes. Accordingly, sources and processes controlling atmospheric pollutants were evaluated during the international DAURE campaign in Barcelona (Spain), a typical urban environment in the western Mediterranean, by means of continuous measurements of particle number, black carbon, PMx, particulate nitrate and particulate sulphate concentrations. Results provided evidence of the influence of three PM sources of interest: road traffic, construction-demolition works and shipping emissions. Road traffic governs the daily cycle of black carbon, a number of gaseous pollutants and the finer fraction of PM. Evaluation of the coarse aerosol (PM₂.₅₋₁₀) daily cycle furnished evidence of the influence of construction-demolition works. These activities could increase hourly PM₂.₅₋₁₀ levels by up to 8 μg m⁻³ on an annual hourly mean basis. Finally, shipping emissions were traced by means of SO₂ concentrations, which peak at a time different from that of other gaseous pollutants owing to the regular daytime onshore breeze bringing harbour emissions at midday. Moreover, a major local contribution of secondary aerosols was detected with elevated particle number levels at midday when nucleation processes are favoured by photochemistry and lower pollution levels. Particle number data were also analysed in search for the primary emission of vehicle exhaust (N1) and the secondary parts from gaseous precursors, primary parts from non-traffic sources, and/or particles inherited in the air mass (N2). N2 fraction accounted for 40% of number concentrations, ranging from 37% during the morning rush hour to 61% at midday. Results proved that the combination of PM₁₀ and BC monitoring in urban areas may constitute a good approach to evaluate the traffic impact on air quality (BC), considering also the influence of other primary and secondary sources (PM₁₀).