Estimation of groundwater pollution levels and specific ionic sources in the groundwater, using a comprehensive approach of geochemical ratios, pollution index of groundwater, unmix model and land use/land cover – A case study

This study aimed to evaluate the degree of groundwater pollution and to assess the contribution of specific ionic sources to groundwater, thereby helping to identify the changes in groundwater chemistry and also in groundwater quality from a rural part of Telangana, India, using the comprehensive understanding of geochemical ratios (GR), pollution index of groundwater (PIG), unmix model (UM), and land use/land cover. Groundwater samples collected (22) from the study area were analysed for pH, EC, TDS, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and F⁻. The hydrogeochemical diagram showed the dominant groundwater type of Ca²⁺- Mg²⁺- HCO₃⁻ due to the water-soil-rock interactions. GR, chloro-alkaline indices, and saturation indices revealed the groundwater chemistry that explains the mineral weathering and dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation processes as the chief geogenic origin, and also the contamination of surface water due to the influence of household wastewater, septic tank leaks, irrigation-return-flows, chemical composts, etc. as the secondary anthropogenic sources on the aquifer system. Changes in groundwater quality from the recharge area to the discharge area and the correlation coefficient of chemical variables further supported the sources of geogenic and anthropogenic origins. According to PIG's calculations, the present study area was classified as the insignificant pollution zone (5.89%), which shows all chemical variables within their drinking water quality limits, and the low pollution zone (43.34%), medium pollution zone (27.48%), high pollution zone (17.34%), and very high pollution zone (5.95%), which exhibit the TDS, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and F⁻contents above the drinking water quality standards. This indicates the gradual increase in the intensity of pollution activity. UM also classified the contribution of specific ions (>50%) into three sources: Source I (K⁺) measures the poor sewage conditions and potash fertilizers; Source II (SO₄²⁻, Mg²⁺, NO₃⁻, Na⁺, and Ca²⁺) specifies the poor sewage conditions, irrigation-return-flows, and chemical fertilizers (gypsum and nitrate); and Source III (F⁻ and HCO₃⁻) represents the dissolution of fluoride minerals as a major contributor to groundwater chemistry. Furthermore, the land use/land cover observations had also supported the assessment of groundwater pollution levels and the contribution of specific ionic sources made by PIG and UM. As a result, the present study clearly indicated that groundwater quality of a geogenic origin is primarily overcome the impact of anthropogenic sources. Therefore, the present study suggested strategic measures to control groundwater pollution and improve groundwater quality.