Effects of straw and biochar amendment on hydrological fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in a subtropical montane agricultural landscape

Straw and biochar amendments have been shown to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in arable land; however, their effects on hydrological fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which may offset the benefits of C sequestration amounts remain uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a three-year field study that included four treatments (CK, control with no fertilizer; NPK, synthetic N fertilizer; RSDNPK, synthetic N fertilizer plus crop residues; BCNPK, synthetic N fertilizer plus biochar of crop straw) to investigate the effects of straw and biochar amendment on DOC losses through hydrological pathways of overland flow and interflow from a wheat-maize rotation system in the subtropical montane agricultural landscape. We detected substantial intra- and inter-annual variations in runoff discharge, DOC concentration, and DOC fluxes for both overland flow and interflow pathways, which were primarily attributed to variations in rainfall amount and intensity. On average, the DOC concentrations for interflow (2.98 mg C L⁻¹) were comparable with those for overland flow (2.71 mg C L⁻¹) throughout the three-year experiment. However, average annual DOC fluxes for interflow were approximately 2.60 times greater than those for overland flow, which probably related to higher runoff discharges of interflow than overland flow. Compared to the control, on average, the N fertilization treatments significantly decreased the annual DOC fluxes of overland flow and significantly increased annual DOC fluxes of interflow. Relative to the application of synthetic N fertilizer only, on average, crop straw amendment practice significantly increased annual DOC fluxes of interflow by 28.7%, while decreasing annual DOC fluxes of overland flow by 12.0%; in contrast, biochar amendment practice decreased annual DOC fluxes of interflow by 25.3% while increasing annual DOC fluxes of overland flow by 44.6%. Overall, considering both overland flow and interflow, crop straw amendment significantly increased hydrological DOC fluxes, whereas biochar had no significant effects on hydrological DOC fluxes throughout the three-year experiment. We conclude that crop straw incorporation strategies that aim to increase SOC stocks may enhance hydrological losses of DOC, thereby in turn offsetting its benefits in the subtropical montane agricultural landscapes.