Összefüggés a művelés eredetű tömörödés és a klímakárok között | Interaction between tillage-induced soil compaction and climate damages

Summary Soil compaction is a sort of climate damage due to inefficiency or necessity, which is present in soils since the beginning of soil management. In this article the part results of soil condition monitoring of Szent István University Department of Soil Management, covering 67 micro regions in the last 33 years, as well as results of the soil quality-climate experiment set up 7 years ago, are published. The aim of soil condition monitoring is to determine the presence of harmful soil compaction down to the depth of 60 cm. If soil compaction occurs, the exact depth and extension of soil compaction are determined, either. Further task is to evaluate the impact of compaction on soil, environment and plants, especially under droughty and rainy seasons. The soil quality-climate experiment has been set up in the region of Hatvan, Northern-Hungary, on loamy Calcic Chernozem soil in 2002, in four replications. Six tillage variants have been applied, such as soil condition regenerating (loosening), soil condition conserving (cultivatoring), under unfavourable circumstances tillage-pan forming under 30 cm (ploughing), tillage-pan forming near to soil surface (disking), and low soil disturbance (no-till). The crop sequence is in favour of increasing organic matter content and protecting soil surface. During field monitoring it was determined that the place of compaction was harmful independent of soil texture, the nearer it was to soil surface the more damage was caused. The place and extension of compaction, in relation with soil humidity circulation can be used as climate indicator. The rooting depth investigations carried out in the soil quality-climate experiment and results of field monitoring emphasize the importance of the early identification of compaction damage (in plant stand and stubble). Our measurements have not proved the reliability of the classical data concerning the needs of crops regarding tillage depth. It was stated that clodding (known as disadvantage of loosening) was provably the consequence of plough- and disc-pan. By investigating the relationship between soil condition, soil humidity content and workability, the deteriorating effect of compaction, affecting the quality of ploughing was proved. On the contrary, in compaction-free, settled soil, further soil quality deterioration can be avoided. The attention is drawn to the extremities forecasted in the climate prognoses that emphasize the alleviation of compaction damage and sustaining water infiltration capability of soils. Ten tillage methods have been developed for the period from stubble condition to seeding that decrease the risk of compaction and climate damage, either.