Recent changes in soil chemisry in a forested ecosystem of southern Quebec, Canada

We analyzed the temporal trends of elemental changes in the soil of the Hermine, a 5.1-ha watershed of the Lower Laurentians, Quebec, Canada, from 1993 to 2002. The forest canopy of the Hermine is dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) growing on Podzols formed in a shallow (<2 m) anorthositic till. The results show a significant long-term decrease of SO4 concentration in the solution of both the LFH (-1.33 micromol L(-1) yr(-1); alpha = 0.05) and B (-0.78 micromol L(-1) yr(-1); alpha = 0.01) horizons. This SO4 decline is associated with a reduction in dissolved Ca and Mg in the B (-1.83 and -0.38 micromol L(-1) yr(-1) for Ca and Mg, respectively; alpha = 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, in the LFH horizons (-2.09 and -0.69 micromol L(-1) yr(-1) for Ca and Mg, respectively; alpha = 0.01). Thus, the combined change in dissolved Ca and Mg in the B horizon not only follows that of SO4 but it proceeds, on an equivalent basis, at a rate almost three times faster than that of SO4. For SO4, the concentration changes in solution are accompanied from 1994 to 2002 by a moderate depletion of the H2O-soluble SO4 pool in the podzolic B horizon of Zones A and C (mean rate for Zones A and C of -3.5 micromol kg(-1) yr(-1); alpha = 0.05). Indeed, SO4 desorption from the B horizon occurs even under constant S deposition levels and seems to respond to changes in atmospheric deposition that occurred decades ago. In the case of exchangeable calcium and magnesium (Ca(ex) and Mg(ex)), decreasing trends are present in the FH horizons but they are statistically significant only for Mg(ex) in the B horizons of Zones A and C. A decrease of up to 50% of the Mn(ex) pool is observed in the FH and B horizons, a decline that is partly balanced by an increase in Mn uptake by sugar maple since 1994. A tendency toward acidification is also noted in the solution (mean rate of +3.48 micromol H(+) L(-1) yr(-1), alpha = 0.01) and in the solid phase (mean rate of +36.4 micromol H(+) kg(-1) yr(-1), alpha = 0.001) of the organic horizons. The increase in exchangeable aluminum (Al(ex)) in the FH horizons of zones B and C (mean rate for zones B and C of +0.16 cmol(+) kg(-1) yr(-1); alpha = 0.01) could reflect these decreasing pH trends. Finally, a recurrent seasonal pattern in exchangeable cations is observed where Al(ex) increases at the expense of Ca(ex), Mg(ex), and exchangeable manganese and potassium (Mn(ex) and K(ex)) during the growing season. This study shows that long-term, seasonal, and episodic trends in soil properties create a complex temporal pattern that needs to be recognized and partitioned when assessing the response of soil materials to changes in environmental conditions.