Efficacy of Alum and Coal Combustion By-Products in Stabilizing Manure Phosphorus
2003
Dou, Z. | Zhang, G. Y. | Stout, W. L. | Toth, J. D. | Ferguson, J. D.
Animal manures contain large amounts of soluble phosphorus (P), which is prone to runoff losses when manure is surface-applied. Here we report the efficacy of alum and three coal combustion by-products in reducing P solubility when added to dairy, swine, or broiler litter manures in a laboratory incubation study. Compared with unamended controls, alum effectively reduced readily soluble P, determined in water extracts of moist manure samples with 1 h of shaking, for all three manures. The reduction ranged from 80 to 99% at treatment rates of 100 to 250 g alum kg⁻¹ manure dry matter. The fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBC) reduced readily soluble P by 50 to 60% at a rate of 400 g kg⁻¹ for all three manures. Flue gas desulfurization by-product (FGD) reduced readily soluble P by nearly 80% when added to swine manure and broiler litter at 150 and 250 g kg⁻¹ Another by-product, anthracite refuse fly ash (ANT), was ineffective for all three manures. In all cases, reduction in readily soluble P is primarily associated with inorganic phosphorus (Pᵢ) with little change in organic phosphorus (Pₒ). Sequential extraction results indicate that the by-product treatments shifted manure P from H₂O-P into a less vulnerable fraction, NaHCO₃−P, while the alum treatment shifted the P into even more stable forms, mostly NaOH-P. Such shifts in P fractions would have little influence on P availability for crops over the long term but would retard and reduce potential losses of P following manure applications.
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