Characterization of PM2.5 exposure concentration in transport microenvironments using portable monitors

Recently, portable monitors have been increasingly used to quantify air pollutant concentrations at high spatiotemporal resolution. A sampling campaign was conducted to measure the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) exposure concentrations in transport microenvironments (TMEs) in Hong Kong in January and June 2015 using TSI DustTrak and Q-Trak portable monitors. The objectives were to: (1) calibrate DustTrak and Q-Trak; (2) evaluate variability between seasons and microenvironments; (3) estimate indoor/outdoor relationships; and (4) determine minimum sample size. Calibration equations, obtained through side-by-side measurement against stationary reference methods in winter and summer, were applied to correct the measured PM2.5 data set. In general, PM2.5 concentrations in all TMEs were significantly higher in winter than in summer. The mean PM2.5 concentration in winter was lower for underground sections of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) metro system (31 μg/m3) than for other TMEs, whereas in summer TMEs had mean PM2.5 concentrations in the range of 10–15 μg/m3, with above-ground MTR train as an exception, at 23 μg/m3. PM2.5 concentrations measured in TMEs were strongly correlated with nearby air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) measurements in winter, but in summer there was little correlation. The minimum sample size estimates varied more among TMEs in summer versus winter because of the differences in PM2.5 concentration distributions related to changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations and ventilation practices. This study provides a feasible protocol on the calibration and application of portable monitors in TME air quality measurement and develops a method for estimating minimum sample size.