Identification and efficacy of glycine, serine and threonine metabolism in potentiating kanamycin-mediated killing of Edwardsiella piscicida

We previously showed that glucose potentiated kanamycin to kill multidrug-resistant Edwardsiella piscicida through activation of the TCA cycle. However, whether other regulatory mechanism is involved requires further investigation. By quantitative proteomics technology, iTRAQ, we systematically mapped the altered proteins in the presence of glucose and identified 94 differentially expressed proteins. The analysis of the altered proteins by pathways, amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism were enriched. And the most significantly altered eight amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, serine and threonine were investigated for their potentiation of kanamycin to kill EIB202, where glycine, serine and threonine showed the strongest efficacy than the others. The combinations of glycine and serine or glucose with glycine, serine or threonine had the best effects. Moreover, pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities were increased as well as the proton motive force (PMF) and intracellular kanamycin. Finally, inhibitors that disrupt PMF production abolished the potentiation. These results shed light on the mechanism of how glucose promoting the amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism to potentiate kanamycin to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. More importantly, our results suggested that adjusting amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism might be a strategy to become phenotypic resistance to antibiotics in bacteria.Tackling antibiotic resistance is an emerging issue in current years. Despite the efforts made toward developing new antibiotics, the progress is still lagged behind expectation. Novel strategies are required. The use of metabolite to revert antibiotic resistant is highly appreciated in recent years due to the less toxicity, more economic and high efficacy. As a continued study of our previous report on glucose potentiating kanamycin to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The current study further expands the previous discovery on the mechanism of how glucose potentiate this effect. This result provides more basis on the action of glucose in reverting antibiotic resistance. And more importantly, we may derive more metabolites other than glucose to manage antibiotic resistance.