Vegetation structural characteristics and topographic factors in the remnant moist Afromontane forest of Wondo Genet, south central Ethiopia

For forest ecosystem management to be effective, knowledge of the horizontal and vertical structural diversity of a forest is essential. The moist Afromontane highlands of Wondo Genet in south-central Ethiopia present an opportunity to restore and rehabilitate and enhance the ecosystem services to be obtained from this forest sustainably. We focused on the forest structural characteristics to better understand the current forest conditions to assist in the sustainable management of this resource. A total of 75 (20 m × 20 m) quadrats were sampled and diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 2 cm and stem height ≥ 2 m were measured. Species identity and abundance, elevation, slope, and aspect were recorded for each plot. Structural characteristics were computed for each plot. Relationship of topographic factors with vegetation characteristics was conducted using R-Software. A total of 72 woody species was recorded. Whereas, the overall diameter distribution shows an inverted J-shaped curve, the basal area followed a bell-shaped pattern. Five types of population structures are revealed. The mean tree density and basal area was 397.3 stems·ha⁻¹ and 31.4 m²·ha⁻¹, respectively. Only 2.8% of the tree species have densities of >25 stems·ha⁻¹ and the percentage distribution of trees show 56.2% in the DBH class 2–10 cm, indicating that the forest is dominated by medium-sized trees. Celtis africana (8.81 m²·ha⁻¹) and Pouteria adolfi-friedericii (5.13 m²·ha⁻¹) make the highest contribution to the basal area and species importance value index. The families/species with the highest importance value index are Ulmaceae, Fabacea and Sapotaceae. Species abundance (r ² =0.32, p <0.001) and species richness (r ² =0.50, p <0.001) are positively related with tree density. Tree density is negatively related with elevation (r ² =−0.36, p <0.001), slope (r ² =−0.15, p <0.001) and aspect (r ² =−0.07, p <0.05). While basal area is negatively related with elevation (r ² =−0.14, p <0.001), it has a positive relationship with tree density (r ² =0.28, p <0.001 and species richness (r ² =0.098). Species with poor population structure should be assisted by restoration tasks and further anthropogenic disturbance such as illegal logging and fuel wood extraction should be restricted.