Identification of risk factors associated with Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle and buffaloes in India

The etiological agent Coxiella burnetii is a highly infectious gram-negative bacterium that can affect multiple species. Many reports confirm its presence in humans, domestic ruminants and rodents in India. This study was aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with C. burnetii infection in bovine populations in Punjab, India. This study was conducted using a stratified two-stage random sampling approach. Twenty-two villages representing all districts of the state were selected. Bovine farmers were interviewed and detailed information about their management and husbandry practices was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood, milk and genital swab samples were collected from the cattle and buffaloes owned by the farmers. An animal was declared C. burnetii infected by using a combination of tests in parallel, i.e. if it was positive in serological or molecular tests (IgG indirect ELISA or Trans-PCR assay). A herd was considered positive if at least one animal in the herd was declared C. burnetii infected using the above definition. Three binomial logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association of (a) geographical location, herd characteristics, and farm management practices with the herd status (herd model), (b) individual animal related factors with the C. burnetii infection status (individual animal model), and (c) production and health related factors with C. burnetii infection status in adult females (adult female model). We collected a total of 610 blood, 610 genital swabs and 361 milk samples from 378 cattle and 232 buffaloes in 179 herds/households. The practice of throwing away aborted materials outside the farm as compared to burial/burning (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.0, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.14–7.87, p = 0.02) was associated with larger odds of being a C. burnetii infected herd. On the other hand, separation of the animals from the rest of the herd during parturition had a protective effect for being a C. burnetii infected herd (adjusted OR 0.31, 95 % CI 0.18–0.77, p = 0.01). Being cattle as compared to buffalo (adjusted OR 3.37, 95 % CI 1.23–9.20, p = 0.02) and older (adjusted OR 3.37, 95 % CI 1.23–9.20, p = 0.02) were associated with larger odds of C. burnetii infection. The current study highlights that farm practices such as improper aborted material disposal and not separating the animals from the rest of the herd during parturition are important risks for the occurrence of C. burnetii infection in the bovine populations in the state.