Pinopsin and photoreception in the pineal organ of the domestic turkey during post-hatching development

The avian pineal organ is photosensitive because of the presence of photopigments, of which pinopsin seems to be one of the most important. This organ is subject to far-reaching changes during post-hatching development, but evidence regarding pinopsin presence and direct photoreception during this time is lacking. This study was carried out to demonstrate the following: 1) the structures showing immunoreactivity to pinopsin in the turkey pineal organ, 2) the changes of these structures during development, 3) the pinopsin localization in pinealocytes in monolayer cultures, and 4) the role of direct photoreception in the regulation of melatonin secretion in pineal organs in adult turkeys. Pinopsin immunoreactivity was localized in the apical extensions of columnar cells limiting the follicular lumen, in fiber-like structures located between columnar cells in the inner part of follicle wall, in string-shapes or small spherical structures distributed in the outer part of follicle wall and in amorphous material inside the follicle lumen. In young birds, immunoreactivity was also sporadically noted in cell bodies of rudimentary receptor pinealocytes. The distribution of pinopsin showed prominent age-dependent changes, including a subsequent increase in pinopsin-positive structures in the outer part of the follicle wall and a prominent reduction in the number and size of positive apical extensions in 40- and 56-week-old turkeys. These data demonstrate that the role of secretory pinealocytes in pineal photoreception increases with age. In monolayer cultures, all pinealocytes showed strong reactions in club- or bulbous-shaped prolongations. The pineal organs of adult birds were less sensitive to light exposition at night than those of young turkeys, which points to differences in light sensitivity between rudimentary receptor and secretory pinealocytes. However, direct photoreception could play an important role in the regulation of melatonin secretion in adult turkeys.