Nitrate removal by combining chemical and biostimulation approaches using micro-zero valent iron and lactic acid

The occurrence of nitrate is the most significant type of pollution affecting groundwater globally, being a major contributor to the poor condition of water bodies. This pollution is related to livestock-agricultural and urban activities, and the nitrate presence in drinking water has a clear impact on human health. For example, it causes the blue child syndrome. Moreover, the high nitrate content in aquifers and surface waters significantly affects aquatic ecosystems since it is responsible for the eutrophication of surface water bodies. A treatability test was performed in the laboratory to study the decrease of nitrate in the capture zone of water supply wells. For this purpose, two boreholes were drilled from which groundwater and sediments were collected to conduct the test. The goal was to demonstrate that nitrate in groundwater can be decreased much more efficiently using combined abiotic and biotic methods with micro-zero valent iron and biostimulation with lactic acid, respectively, than when both strategies are used separately. The broader implications of this goal derive from the fact that the separate use of these reagents decreases the efficiency of nitrate removal. Thus, while nitrate is removed using micro-valent iron, high concentrations of harmful ammonium are also generated. Furthermore, biostimulation alone leads to overgrowth of other microorganisms that do not result in denitrification, therefore complete denitrification requires more time to occur. In contrast, the combined strategy couples abiotic denitrification of nitrate with biostimulation of microorganisms capable of biotically transforming the abiotically generated harmful ammonium. The treatability test shows that the remediation strategy combining in situ chemical reduction using micro-zero valent iron and biostimulation with lactic acid could be a viable strategy for the creation of a reactive zone around supply wells located in regions where groundwater and porewater in low permeability layers are affected by diffuse nitrate contamination.