Toward Defining and Measuring the Affordability of Public Utility Services

accounting affordability basic needs climate change consumers development economics discrimination economic analysis economic growth economic implications electricity exchange rate expenditure extreme poverty families farmers financial institutions government intervention household budget household consumption household income household surveys households housing income distribution inflation information services international bank labour force monopolies nutrition opportunity costs price discrimination price policies private sector privatization production functions public enterprises public expenditure public finance public ownership public utilities rural areas social development targeting taxation telecommunications water demand wells