Epidemiological risk factors for animal influenza A viruses overcoming species barriers
2017
Harris, K.A. | Freidl, G.S. | Muñoz, O.S. | Dobschuetz, S. von | Nardi, M. de | Wieland, Barbara | Koopmans, M.P.G. | Stärk, K.D.C. | Reeth, K. van | Dauphin, G. | Meijer, A. | Bruin, E. de | Capua, I. | Hill, A.A. | Kosmider, R. | Banks, J. | Stevens, K. | Werf, S. van der | Enouf, V. | Meulen, K. van der | Brown, I.H. | Alexander, D.J. | Breed, A.C.
Drivers and risk factors for Influenza A virus transmission across species barriers are poorly understood, despite the ever present threat to human and animal health potentially on a pandemic scale. Here we review the published evidence for epidemiological risk factors associated with influenza viruses transmitting between animal species and from animals to humans. A total of 39 papers were found with evidence of epidemiological risk factors for influenza virus transmission from animals to humans; 18 of which had some statistical measure associated with the transmission of a virus. Circumstantial or observational evidence of risk factors for transmission between animal species was found in 21 papers, including proximity to infected animals, ingestion of infected material and potential association with a species known to carry influenza virus. Only three publications were found which presented a statistical measure of an epidemiological risk factor for the transmission of influenza between animal species. This review has identified a significant gap in knowledge regarding epidemiological risk factors for the transmission of influenza viruses between animal species.
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