Importancia de las Biomoléculas que se producen en el proceso de la fotosíntesis de las plantas superiores C3 y C4

The objective of this final work corresponding to the Practical Component of the Complexive Examination was carried out in order to strengthen the knowledge regarding the importance of biomolecules that are produced in the photosynthesis process, both in higher plants C3 and C4. The following topics were discussed: definition of photosynthesis, importance of photosynthesis, phases of photosynthesis (light or light phase and dark phase or Calvin cycle), and differences in photosynthesis between C3 and C4 plants. In the light phase, plants capture light energy to break the water molecule and form chemical energy called: ATP (adenosine - triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide - adenine - dinucleotide). The synthesis of NADPH is formed from NADP +, which accepts electrons. The synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). These two forms of chemical energy are used in the dark phase or Calvin Cycle. In the light phase the release of oxygen occurs. The energy produced in the light phase in the form of ATP and NADPH is used in the dark phase for the synthesis of organic matter, fixing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere to convert it into glucose. In the dark phase or Calvin Cycle, inorganic carbon dioxide molecules are converted into simple organic molecules such as: 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (PGAL), from which the rest of the compounds will be formed biochemicals that make up plants such as: amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, fructose, starch, etc. The differences in photosynthesis of C3 and C4 plants occur in the dark phase or Calvin cycle. C4 photosynthesis overcomes the limitation of photorespiration, increasing photosynthetic efficiency and minimizing water loss. In other words, C3 plants are considered "normal" plants that do not possess photosynthetic adaptations to reduce photorespiration; while in C4 plants there is always a high concentration of CO2 compared to O2 around the Rubisco, a strategy that minimizes photorespiration.

The objective of this final work corresponding to the Practical Component of the Complexive Examination was carried out in order to strengthen the knowledge regarding the importance of biomolecules that are produced in the photosynthesis process, both in higher plants C3 and C4. The following topics were discussed: definition of photosynthesis, importance of photosynthesis, phases of photosynthesis (light or light phase and dark phase or Calvin cycle), and differences in photosynthesis between C3 and C4 plants. In the light phase, plants capture light energy to break the water molecule and form chemical energy called: ATP (adenosine - triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide - adenine - dinucleotide). The synthesis of NADPH is formed from NADP +, which accepts electrons. The synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). These two forms of chemical energy are used in the dark phase or Calvin Cycle. In the light phase the release of oxygen occurs. The energy produced in the light phase in the form of ATP and NADPH is used in the dark phase for the synthesis of organic matter, fixing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere to convert it into glucose. In the dark phase or Calvin Cycle, inorganic carbon dioxide molecules are converted into simple organic molecules such as: 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (PGAL), from which the rest of the compounds will be formed biochemicals that make up plants such as: amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, fructose, starch, etc. The differences in photosynthesis of C3 and C4 plants occur in the dark phase or Calvin cycle. C4 photosynthesis overcomes the limitation of photorespiration, increasing photosynthetic efficiency and minimizing water loss. In other words, C3 plants are considered "normal" plants that do not possess photosynthetic adaptations to reduce photorespiration; while in C4 plants there is always a high concentration of CO2 compared to O2 around the Rubisco, a strategy that minimizes photorespiration.

El objetivo del presente trabajo final correspondiente al Componente Práctico del Examen Complexivo se realizó con la finalidad de fortalecer los conocimientos referentes importancia de las biomoléculas que se producen en el proceso de la fotosíntesis, tanto en las plantas superiores C3 y C4. Se habló de los siguientes temas: definición de fotosíntesis, importancia de la fotosíntesis, fases de la fotosíntesis (fase luminosa o lumínica y fase oscura o Ciclo de Calvin), diferencias de la fotosíntesis entre las plantas C3 y C4. En la fase lumínica las plantas capturan la energía luminosa para romper la molécula de agua y formar energía química llamada: ATP (adenosin – trifosfato) y NADPH (nicotinamida - adenin – dinucleótido). La síntesis del NADPH se forma a partir del NADP+, el cual acepta electrones. La síntesis de adenosin - trifosfato (ATP) se forma a partir del adenosin - difosfato (ADP) y el fosfato inorgánico (Pi). Estas dos formas de energía química son utilizadas en la fase oscura o Ciclo de Calvin. En la fase luminosa ocurre la liberación de oxígeno. La energía producida en la fase luminosa en forma de ATP y NADPH es utilizada en la fase oscura para la síntesis de materia orgánica, fijando el dióxido de carbono (CO2) de la atmósfera para convertirlo en glucosa. En la fase oscura o Ciclo de Calvin se convierten moléculas inorgánicas de dióxido de carbono en moléculas orgánicas sencillas como: ácido 3-fosfoglicérico (PGA), gliceraldehído 3- fosfato (PGAL), a partir de las cuales se formará el resto de los compuestos bioquímicos que conforman las plantas como: aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, glucosa, fructosa, almidón, etc. Las diferencias de la fotosíntesis de las plantas C3 y C4 se dan en la fase oscura o Ciclo de Calvin. La fotosíntesis C4 supera la limitación de la fotorrespiración, aumentando la eficiencia fotosintética y minimizando la pérdida de agua. Dicho de otra forma, las plantas C3 son consideradas plantas “normales” que no poseen adaptaciones fotosintéticas para reducir la fotorrespiración; mientras que en las plantas C4 siempre hay una alta concentración de CO2 en comparación con O2 alrededor de la Rubisco, estrategia que reduce al mínimo la fotorrespiración.