Speciation of metals in bed sediments and water of Qaraaoun Reservoir, Lebanon

Determination of only total element in sediments does not give an accurate estimate of the likely environmental impacts. Speciation study of metals in sediment provides information on the potential availability of metals (toxic) to biota under various environmental conditions. In water, the toxic metal specie is the free hydrated metal ion. The toxicity of metals depends especially on their chemical forms rather than their total metal content. The present study focuses on Qaraaoun Reservoir, Lebanon. Earlier studies focused only on total metal concentrations in sediment and water. The objective of this study was to determine metal speciation (Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) in the (operationally defined) sediment chemical fractions and metal speciation in reservoir water. This would reflect on metal bioavailability and toxicity. Water samples and bed sediments were collected from nine sites during the dry season and a sequential chemical fraction scheme was applied to the 75-μm sieve sediment fraction. Metal content in each fraction was determined by the FAAS technique. The data showed that the highest percentages of total metal content in sediment fractions were for: Fe in residual followed by reducible, Cr and Ni in residual and in reducible, Cu in organic followed by exchangeable, Zn in residual and in organic, Pb in organic and carbonate, Cd was mainly in carbonate. Total metal content in water was determined by ICP-MS technique and aqueous metal speciation was predicted using AQUACHEM software interfaced to PHREEQC geochemical computer model. The water speciation data predicted that a high percentage of Pb and Ni were present as carbonate complex species and low percentages as free hydrated ions, highest percentage of Zn as carbonate complex species followed by free hydrated ion, highest percentage of Cd as free hydrated ion followed by carbonate complex species. The sensitivity attempt of free hydrated ion of Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd in reservoir water revealed dependence of Zn and Cd on pH and alkalinity, while Ni and Pb were only dependent on pH. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Akcay H, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P813, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00392-5; Alvarez-Iglesias P, 2009, MAR POLLUT BULL, V58, P542, DOI 10.1016-j.marpolbul.2008.11.026; ANKLEY GT, 1992, ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE, V23, P46, DOI 10.1016-0147-6513(92)90021-T; APHA, 1992, STAND METH EX WAT WA; Ariza JLG, 2000, TALANTA, V52, P545; BAGHDADY NH, 1983, ANN AGR FENN, V22, P175; Barata C, 1998, AQUAT TOXICOL, V42, P115, DOI 10.1016-S0166-445X(98)00039-3; BORGMANN U, 1983, AQUAT TOXICOL, P47; Campbell CD, 2000, CHEMOSPHERE, V40, P319, DOI 10.1016-S0045-6535(99)00302-1; Campbell PGC, 1995, METAL SPECIATION BIO, P45; Carroll SA, 1998, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V32, P956, DOI 10.1021-es970452k; CHAO TT, 1972, SOIL SCI SOC AM PRO, V36, P764; Chapman D., 1992, WATER QUALITY ASSESS; CLARK ML, 1997, 964282 US GEOL SURV; Clark MW, 1998, CHEM GEOL, V149, P147, DOI 10.1016-S0009-2541(98)00034-5; De Bartolomeo A, 2004, CHEMOSPHERE, V55, P1323, DOI 10.1016-j.chemosphere.2003.12.005; DREVER JI, 1997, GEOCHEMISRTY NATURAL; Ettler V, 2006, ENVIRON GEOL, V49, P610, DOI 10.1007-s00254-005-0110-3; FEIJTEL TC, 1988, J ENVIRON QUAL, V17, P88; FLORENCE TM, 1980, CRC CR REV ANAL CHEM, V9, P219; FORSTNER U, 1990, ECOLOGICAL SCI, V23, P1; FULLER CC, 1987, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V51, P1491, DOI 10.1016-0016-7037(87)90331-0; Fytianos K, 2004, ENVIRON INT, V30, P11, DOI 10.1016-S0160-4120(03)00143-0; Gao X, 2008, MARINE POLLUTION B, V56, P770; GERHARDT A, 1993, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V66, P289; GONZALEZ MJ, 1994, INT J ENVIRON AN CH, V57, P135, DOI 10.1080-03067319408027419; GRAMBELL RP, 1991, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V57, P359; Gundersen P, 2001, AQUAT GEOCHEM, V7, P173, DOI 10.1023-A:1012927809602; Guo TZ, 1997, SPILL SCI TECHNOL B, V4, P165, DOI 10.1016-S1353-2561(98)00013-9; HAJJAR Z, 1997, LEBANESE WATERS PEAC; HALL LW, 1995, MAR POLLUT BULL, V30, P376, DOI 10.1016-0025-326X(94)00186-D; HIRNER AV, 1992, INT J ENVIRON AN CH, V46, P77, DOI 10.1080-03067319208026999; Ianni C., 2000, TOXICOL ENVIRON CHEM, V78, P73, DOI 10.1080-02772240009358961; Izquierdo C, 1997, MAR POLLUT BULL, V34, P123, DOI 10.1016-S0025-326X(96)00059-8; JABER B, 1993, P WORKSH WAT AFF LEB, P53; Jain K., 2004, WATER RES, V38, P569; Jones B, 1997, MAR POLLUT BULL, V34, P768, DOI 10.1016-S0025-326X(97)00047-7; Jurdi M, 2002, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V77, P11, DOI 10.1023-A:1015781930601; Kashem MA, 2007, NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS, V77, P187, DOI 10.1007-s10705-006-9056-4; KERSTEN M, 1989, TRACE ELEMENT SPECIA, P247; KERSTEN M, 1991, TRACE ELEMENT SPECIA, P245; Kersten M., 1995, P234; KHAIR K, 1992, HYDROGEOL J, V2, P34; KHAIR K, 1993, P WORKSH WAT AFF LEB, P81; KHAWLI M, 1991, MAN ENV LEBANON, P51; Klavins M, 2000, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V262, P175, DOI 10.1016-S0048-9697(00)00597-0; Korfali SI, 2003, ENVIRON GEOCHEM HLTH, V25, P41, DOI 10.1023-A:1021284126632; Korfali SI, 2004, ADV ENVIRON RES, V8, P599, DOI 10.1016-S1093-0191(03)00033-9; Korfali SI, 2000, ENVIRON GEOCHEM HLTH, V22, P265, DOI 10.1023-A:1006791930010; Korfali SI, 2007, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V135, P241, DOI 10.1007-s10661-007-9646-x; Korfali SI, 2006, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V115, P307, DOI 10.1007-s10661-006-6556-2; Leivouri M., 1998, CHEMOSPHERE, V36, P723; Leleyter L, 1999, INT J ENVIRON AN CH, V73, P109, DOI 10.1080-03067319908032656; LEVY DB, 1992, J ENVIRON QUAL, V21, P185; Lewis D.W., 1994, ANAL SEDIMENTOLOGY; LOPEZSANCHEZ JF, 1993, INT J ENVIRON AN CH, V51, P113, DOI 10.1080-03067319308027616; Loska K, 2002, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V141, P73, DOI 10.1023-A:1021392709795; LUOMA SN, 1983, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V28, P1; MAHER WA, 1992, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V112, P143, DOI 10.1016-0048-9697(92)90184-T; Marisa C., 2008, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V403, P188; Mermut AR, 1996, J ENVIRON QUAL, V25, P845; MILLER WP, 1986, SOIL SCI SOC AM J, V50, P598; Mingbiao L., 2008, J ENVIRON SCI, V20, P161; Morel F.M., 1983, PRINCIPLES AQUATIC C; Nilsson O, 1999, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V63, P217, DOI 10.1016-S0016-7037(99)00026-5; NOVERITA DT, 2004, BASELINE MARINE POLL, V49, P854; O'Day PA, 1998, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V32, P943, DOI 10.1021-es970453c; OWAYDAH K, 1993, P WORKSH WAT FAIRS L, P127; Pakhornova SV, 2007, MAR CHEM, V107, P319, DOI 10.1016-j.marchem.2007.06.001; PARDO R, 1993, ANAL LETT, V26, P1719; Prieto G, 1998, J GEOCHEM EXPLOR, V64, P215, DOI 10.1016-S0375-6742(98)00034-X; Quevauviller P, 1996, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V178, P127, DOI 10.1016-0048-9697(95)04804-9; Rauret G, 1998, TALANTA, V46, P449, DOI 10.1016-S0039-9140(97)00406-2; RAURET G, 1988, WATER RES, V22, P449, DOI 10.1016-0043-1354(88)90039-5; Reeder RJ, 1996, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V60, P1543, DOI 10.1016-0016-7037(96)00034-8; Ritchie JM, 2001, ENVIRON POLLUT, V114, P129, DOI 10.1016-S0269-7491(00)00196-2; RUBIO R, 1991, AN QUIM, V87, P599; Salomons V., 1984, METALS HYDROCYCLE; SAMANIDOU V, 1987, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V67, P279, DOI 10.1016-0048-9697(87)90219-1; Sene KJ, 1999, HYDROLOG SCI J, V44, P79, DOI 10.1080-02626669909492204; STUMM W, 1996, AQUATIC CHEM CHEM EQ, pCH10; SURIJA B, 1995, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V170, P101; TESSIER A, 1979, ANAL CHEM, V51, P844, DOI 10.1021-ac50043a017; Tipping E, 1998, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V210, P63, DOI 10.1016-S0048-9697(98)00045-X; TRANIA SJ, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P3365; TURNER DR, 1981, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V45, P855, DOI 10.1016-0016-7037(81)90115-0; *UNDP, 1970, DPSFUN44 UNDP; VEGA M, 1995, ANAL CHIM ACTA, V310, P131, DOI 10.1016-0003-2670(95)00116-H; Wong CSC, 2007, ENVIRON POLLUT, V145, P434, DOI 10.1016-j.envpol.2006.05.017; Xue HB, 1999, AQUAT GEOCHEM, V5, P313, DOI 10.1023-A:1009679819002

5

3

3