New bacitracin-resistant nisin-producing strain of <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> and its physiological characterization

Nisin A belonging to the class I bacteriocins and produced by <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> subsp. <em>lactis</em> is widely used in many countries as highly efficient and safe preservative preventing growth of undesirable bacteria in food products. Though this compound is efficient at very low concentrations, reduction of its manufacturing cost is still relevant problem. An increased nisin A production requires improved resistance of its producer to nisin. According to some studies, mechanisms of microbial resistance to nisin A and bacitracin have a similar basis, and the same transporters are used to export these antibiotics from cells. To obtain strains with improved growth rate and nisin A productivity, selection of spontaneous bacitracin-resistant <em>L. lactis</em> mutants followed by examination of their stability as well as physiological and fermentation characteristics was carried out. Spontaneous mutants were obtained by culturing of <em>L. lactis</em> VKPM B-2092 strain on selective bacitracin-containing agar medium. The obtained bacitracin-resistant strain FL-75 was characterized by accelerated growth rate, doubled biomass accumulation, and improved nisin A resistance. The nisin A productivity of FL-75 exceeded that of the parental strain by 25% reaching 8902 U/mL after 14-h cultivation. In addition, FL-75 was characterized by the improved resistance to oxidative stress that has never been reported earlier for bacitracin-resistant microorganisms. Based on the performed characterization of FL-75, we can consider it as a new independent strain promising for the industrial production of food and feed biopreservatives. Comparison of published data and the obtained results allowed us to suppose that the bacitracin resistance mutation in FL-75 is determined rather by an increased expression of a gene homologous to the <em>bcrC</em> gene of <em>Bacillus</em> sp. than by the activation of multidrug resistance mechanisms. The revealed resistance of FL-75 to bacitracin and oxidative stress can be regulated by a common transcription factor activating in response to various environmental stresses.