Exogenous Melatonin Improves the Quality Performance of Rice under High Temperature during Grain Filling

With the increasing greenhouse effect, high temperature has become the most unfavorable environmental factor for the rice grain filling process, affecting rice yield and quality mainly through changing the composition and structure of starch in rice grains. Research has focused on the rational management of water and fertilizer, and spraying of exogenous chemicals, which have become important measures to alleviate high temperature stress of rice. As a multifunctional molecule, melatonin has the potential to improve plant stress resistance by enhancing the scavenging efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting plants from the adverse effects of abiotic stress. The present study used a typical <i>japonica</i> rice variety Nipponbare (NPB) as the experimental material, which was treated with high temperature and melatonin during grain-filling stages. The effects of exogenous melatonin on the rice growth and quality traits, as well as starch synthesis, in response to high temperature were analyzed systematically. Exogenous melatonin significantly increased the rice leaf photosynthetic and heat-resistance properties. Melatonin could alleviate the effects of high temperature on the key physicochemical properties related to rice quality. Furthermore, milled rice from NPB plants treated with melatonin had better endosperm appearance under high temperature. Further study found that exogenous melatonin could stabilize the chain length distribution of starch in NPB (especially amylopectin), which implied that melatonin could be used in rice cultivation to alleviate the effect of high temperature on quality, optimization of amylopectin synthesis can also improve rice quality. The results of the present study provide a new idea and research direction to alleviate high temperature stress of rice in the context of global warming.