Genetic Diversity of the Fall Armyworm <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J.E. Smith) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

In 2016, the fall armyworm (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>, invaded western Africa and rapidly spread in sub-Saharan Africa, causing significant losses in yields of corn, a major food crop in Africa. Although the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a large corn-growing country, the impact of FAW has not been investigated. This study was designed to expand investigations on the genetic diversity of FAW populations in the DRC. We collected FAW individuals from eight provinces across the country, for analysis of genetic variation. Based on the partial sequences of both mitochondrial <i>cytochrome oxidase subunit I</i> (<i>COI</i>) and nuclear <i>triosephosphate isomerase</i> (<i>Tpi</i>) genes, we compared polymorphic features of the <i>COI</i> haplotype and <i>Tpi</i> single nucleotide polymorphisms. The results revealed that most (84%) of the analyzed individuals were heterogeneous hybrids <i>Tpi</i>-corn<i>/COI</i>-rice (<i>Tpi</i>-C/<i>COI</i>-R), whereas 16% were homogenous <i>Tpi</i>-corn<i>/COI</i>-corn (<i>Tpi</i>-C/<i>COI</i>-C). Further analysis of the fourth exon/intron sequences of the <i>Tpi</i> gene identified two subgroups, <i>Tpi</i>Ca1 and <i>Tpi</i>Ca2, constituting 80% and 20%, respectively, of the collected individuals. Analysis of genetic variation among native and invasive populations indicated significant genetic differences (10.94%) between the native American and DRC populations, whereas both the DRC and African populations were genetically closer to Asian than American populations. This study provides important information on FAW genetic diversity in the DRC, which can be used for effective management of FAW.