Spatial and Temporal Stability of Weed<i> </i>Patches in Cereal Fields under Direct Drilling and Harrow Tillage

The adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) techniques by farmers is changing the dynamics of weed communities in cereal fields and so potentially their spatial distribution. These changes can challenge the use of site-specific weed control, which is based on the accurate location of weed patches for spraying. We studied the effect of two types of CA (direct drilling and harrow-tilled to 20 cm) on weed patches in a three-year survey in four direct-drilled and three harrow-tilled commercial fields in Catalonia (North-eastern Spain). The area of the ground covered by weeds (hereafter called &#8220;weed cover&#8221;) was estimated at 96 to 122 points measured in each year in each field, in 50 cm &#215; 50 cm quadrats placed in a 10 m &#215; 10 m grid in spring. <i>Bromus diandrus</i>, <i>Lolium rigidum</i>, and <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> were the main weed species. The weed cover and degree of aggregation for all species varied both between and within fields, regardless of the kind of tillage. Under both forms of soil management all three were aggregated in elongated patterns in the direction of traffic. <i>Bromus </i>was generally more aggregated than <i>Lolium</i>, and both were more aggregated than <i>Papaver</i>. Patches were stable over time for only two harrow-tilled fields with <i>Lolium</i> and one direct-drilled field with <i>Bromus</i>, but not in the other fields. Spatial stability of the weeds was more pronounced in the direction of traffic. Herbicide applications, crop rotation, and traffic seem to affect weed populations strongly within fields, regardless of the soil management. We conclude that site-specific herbicides can be applied to control these species because they are aggregated, although the patches would have to be identified afresh in each season.