PHNQ from <i>Evechinus chloroticus</i> Sea Urchin Supplemented with Calcium Promotes Mineralization in Saos-2 Human Bone Cell Line
2020
Yakun Hou | Alan Carne | Michelle McConnell | Sonya Mros | Elena A. Vasileva | Natalia P. Mishchenko | Keegan Burrow | Ke Wang | Adnan A. Bekhit | Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit
Polyhydroxylated naphthoquinones (PHNQs), known as spinochromes that can be extracted from sea urchins, are bioactive compounds reported to have medicinal properties and antioxidant activity. The MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay showed that pure echinochrome A exhibited a cytotoxic effect on Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner within the test concentration range (15.625–65.5 µg/mL). The PHNQ extract from New Zealand sea urchin <i>Evechinus chloroticus</i> did not induce any cytotoxicity within the same concentration range after 21 days of incubation. Adding calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) with echinochrome A increased the number of viable cells, but when CaCl<sub>2</sub> was added with the PHNQs, cell viability decreased. The effect of PHNQs extracted on mineralized nodule formation in Saos-2 cells was investigated using xylenol orange and von Kossa staining methods. Echinochrome A decreased the mineralized nodule formation significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while nodule formation was not affected in the PHNQ treatment group. A significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increase in mineralization was observed in the presence of PHNQs (62.5 µg/mL) supplemented with 1.5 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>. In conclusion, the results indicate that PHNQs have the potential to improve the formation of bone mineral phase in vitro, and future research in an animal model is warranted.
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