Automated quantification of fluorescence and morphological changes in pretreated wood cells by fluorescence macroscopy

Abstract Background Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex network of polysaccharides and lignin that requires a pretreatment step to overcome recalcitrance and optimize valorisation into biobased products. Pretreatment of biomass induces chemical and morphological changes. Quantification of these changes is critical to understand biomass recalcitrance and to predict lignocellulose reactivity. In this study, we propose an automated method for the quantification of chemical and morphological parameters through fluorescence macroscopy, which was applied on wood samples (spruce, beechwood) pretreated with steam explosion. Results Results in fluorescence macroscopy highlighted the impact of steam explosion on spruce and beechwood: fluorescence intensity of samples was highly altered, especially for the most severe conditions. Morphological changes were also revealed: shrinkage of cells and deformation of cell walls manifested as the loss of rectangularity or circular shape, for tracheids in spruce and vessels in beechwood respectively. Quantification of fluorescence intensity of cell walls and quantification of morphological parameters related to cell lumens were carried out accurately by applying the automated method onto the macroscopic images. The results showed that lumens area and circularity could be considered as complementary markers of cell deformation, and that fluorescence intensity of the cell walls could be related to morphological changes and to the conditions of pretreatment. Conclusions The developed procedure allows simultaneous and effective quantification of morphological parameters and fluorescence intensity of the cell walls. This approach can be applied to fluorescence macroscopy as well as other imaging techniques and provides encouraging results towards the understanding of biomass architecture.