Molecular identification and characterization of Colletotrichum sp. isolates from Tahiti lime, tamarillo, and mango

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">Anthracnose is a very limiting disease affecting production, as well as postharvest quality of numerous fruit crops in Colombia. The current management practices for this disease are partially effective due to limited information about the etiology, the inoculum sources, population structure and variation of the pathogen. A total of 293 </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">Colletotrichum </span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissues collected from Tahiti lime, tamarillo and mango orchards. To determine the </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">Colletotrichum </span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">species causing the symptoms, amplification, and PCR product analysis for intergenic regions of the ribosomal DNA were conducted. Genetic diversity of the fungal population was assessed with Random Amplified Microsatellites (RAMS). Results of this study indicated that anthracnose in Tahiti lime and tamarillo are caused by </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">Colletotrichun acutatum </span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">whereas symptoms on mango were induced by the species </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">, which was also fund in few</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">citrus samples. RAMS data analysis indicated the existence of two distinct species groups, with a low similarity index (35%). RAM profiles also showed a clear host differentiation of isolates. The </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">C. acutatum </span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">population originated from tamarillo exhibited a narrow and homogeneous genetic base, while the </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">C. acutatum </span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">population from Tahiti lime was more heterogeneous and  genetically complex, as determined by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and of Ni-Li coefficient. The </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">C. gloeosporioides </span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">population originated from mango and Tahiti lime was heterogeneous and highly diverse, with clear host differentiation according to RAM profiles. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-US">Collectively, the results from this study provide new insight into the general characteristics of </span><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-It; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-It; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-US">Colletotrichum </span></em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: MinionPro-Regular; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: MinionPro-Regular; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-US">populations on various hosts; this type of knowledge will prove useful in designing more effective management practices.</span></span></p>