Duration of immunity against heterologous porcine parvovirus 1 challenge in gilts immunized with a novel subunit vaccine based on the viral protein 2

Abstract Background Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is widespread in commercial pig farms worldwide and has a significant impact to the swine industry. Long-lasting immunity achieved by means of vaccination is the main tool to prevent PPV1 infection and its associated clinical signs. Here we evaluated the duration of immunity (DOI) conferred by a novel subunit vaccine based on the viral protein (VP) 2 of PPV1, named ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX. The DOI was assessed at 6 months post-vaccination following the standard vaccination scheme (phase I) or after re-vaccination (phase II) with a single injection administered 24 weeks after the basic vaccination scheme. A total of 46, five to six-month-old gilts, free of PPV1 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), were randomly assigned to 6 groups (three in each phase): the negative control groups were inoculated with sodium chloride (NaCl), the vaccinated groups were immunized with the PPV1 subunit vaccine and the strict controls were neither treated nor challenged. Subsequently, the negative control and vaccinated groups from each phase were challenged with a heterologous PPV1 strain. Infection of fetuses was the primary outcome parameter for efficacy, though other supportive parameters were PPV1 viremia and serological status of the gilts and the condition of their fetuses (i.e. normal, autolytic, or mummified). Results All gilts vaccinated against PPV1 tested seropositive at challenge and viremia after challenge was detectable only in the non-vaccinated animals. In this regard, fetuses positive to PPV1 by PCR were only found in litters from non-vaccinated sows. Conclusions These results point out that the immunity developed by the PPV1 subunit vaccine is effective in terms of preventing viremia, transplacental infection of fetuses and fetal death caused by PPV1 infection. ReproCyc® ParvoFLEX was demonstrated to protect fetuses against heterologous PPV1 challenge with a DOI of 6 months after vaccination.