Transcriptomic Analysis of the CAM Species <i>Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi</i> Under Low- and High-Temperature Regimes

Temperature stress is one of the major limiting environmental factors that negatively impact global crop yields. <i>Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi</i> is an obligate crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant species, exhibiting much higher water-use efficiency and tolerance to drought and heat stresses than C₃ or C₄ plant species. Previous studies on gene expression responses to low- or high-temperature stress have been focused on C₃ and C₄ plants. There is a lack of information about the regulation of gene expression by low and high temperatures in CAM plants. To address this knowledge gap, we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of leaf and root tissues of <i>K. fedtschenkoi</i> under cold (8 °C), normal (25 °C), and heat (37 °C) conditions at dawn (i.e., 2 h before the light period) and dusk (i.e., 2 h before the dark period). Our analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under cold or heat treatment in comparison to normal conditions in leaf or root tissue at each of the two time points. In particular, DEGs exhibiting either the same or opposite direction of expression change (either up-regulated or down-regulated) under cold and heat treatments were identified. In addition, we analyzed gene co-expression modules regulated by cold or heat treatment, and we performed in-depth analyses of expression regulation by temperature stresses for selected gene categories, including CAM-related genes, genes encoding heat shock factors and heat shock proteins, circadian rhythm genes, and stomatal movement genes. Our study highlights both the common and distinct molecular strategies employed by CAM and C₃/C₄ plants in adapting to extreme temperatures, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature stress responses in CAM species.