Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways?
2017
Pergl, Jan | Pysek, Petr | Bacher, Sven | Essl, Franz | Genovesi, Piero | Harrower, Colin A. | Hulme, Philip E. | Jeschke, Jonathan M. | Kenis, Marc | Kuehn, Ingolf | Perglova, Irena | Rabitsch, Wolfgang | Roques, Alain | Roy, David B. | Roy, Helen E. | Vila, Montserrat | Winter, Marten | Nentwig, Wolfgang | Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology ; Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS) | Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science ; Univerzita Karlova [Praha, Česká republika] = Charles University [Prague, Czech Republic] (UK) | Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology ; Stellenbosch University | Department of Biology ; Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff] | Division of Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology ; Universität Wien = University of Vienna | National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) | SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group ; International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) | IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group | Centre for Ecology and Hydrology | The Bio-Protection Research Centre ; Lincoln University | Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) ; Leibniz Association | Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy ; Freie Universität Berlin = Free University of Berlin | Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) | Centre for Agricultural and Biosciences International (CABI) | Department of Community Ecology ; Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) | Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden ; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg - Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg (MLU) | Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg - Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg (MLU) | Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation ; Umweltbundesamt GmbH = Environment Agency Austria | Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) | Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD) ; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain] (CSIC) | German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) | Institute of Ecology and Evolution ; Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS) | ANR-13-EBID-0003,FFII,Forecasting Future Invasions and their Impacts(2013)
Prioritization of introduction pathways is seen as an important component of the management of biological invasions. We address whether established alien plants, mammals, freshwater fish and terrestrial invertebrates with known ecological impacts are associated with particular introduction pathways (release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided). We used the information from the European alien species database DAISIE (www.europe-aliens.org) supplemented by the EASIN catalogue (European Alien Species Information Network), and expert knowledge. Plants introduced by the pathways release, corridor and unaided were disproportionately more likely to have ecological impacts than those introduced as contaminants. In contrast, impacts were not associated with particular introduction pathways for invertebrates, mammals or fish. Thus, while for plants management strategies should be targeted towards the appropriate pathways, for animals, management should focus on reducing the total number of taxa introduced, targeting those pathways responsible for high numbers of introductions. However, regardless of taxonomic group, having multiple introduction pathways increases the likelihood of the species having an ecological impact. This may simply reflect that species introduced by multiple pathways have high propagule pressure and so have a high probability of establishment. Clearly, patterns of invasion are determined by many interacting factors and management strategies should reflect this complexity.
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