The global distribution and drivers of wood density and their impact on forest carbon stocks

Mo, Lidong | Crowther, Thomas | Maynard, Daniel | van den Hoogen, Johan | Ma, Haozhi | Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia | Liang, Jingjing | De-Miguel, Sergio | Nabuurs, Gert-Jan | Reich, Peter | Phillips, Oliver | Abegg, Meinrad | Adou Yao, Yves | Alberti, Giorgio | Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica | Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez | Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban | Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia | Alves, Luciana | Amaral, Iêda | Ammer, Christian | Antón-Fernández, Clara | Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro | Arroyo, Luzmila | Avitabile, Valerio | Aymard, Gerardo | Baker, Timothy | Bałazy, Radomir | Banki, Olaf | Barroso, Jorcely | Bastian, Meredith | Bastin, Jean-Francois | Birigazzi, Luca | Birnbaum, Philippe | Bitariho, Robert | Boeckx, Pascal | Bongers, Frans | Boonman, Coline | Bouriaud, Olivier | Brancalion, Pedro | Brandl, Susanne | Brearley, Francis | Brienen, Roel | Broadbent, Eben | Bruelheide, Helge | Bussotti, Filippo | Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla | César, Ricardo | Cesljar, Goran | Chazdon, Robin | Chen, Han | Chisholm, Chelsea | Cho, Hyunkook | Cienciala, Emil | Clark, Connie | Clark, David | Colletta, Gabriel | Coomes, David | Valverde, Fernando Cornejo | Corral-Rivas, José | Crim, Philip | Cumming, Jonathan | Dayanandan, Selvadurai | de Gasper, André | Decuyper, Mathieu | Derroire, Géraldine | Devries, Ben | Djordjevic, Ilija | Dolezal, Jiri | Dourdain, Aurélie | Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier | Enquist, Brian | Eyre, Teresa | Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain | Fayle, Tom | Feldpausch, Ted | Ferreira, Leandro | Finér, Leena | Fischer, Markus | Fletcher, Christine | Frizzera, Lorenzo | Gamarra, Javier | Gianelle, Damiano | Glick, Henry | Harris, David | Hector, Andrew | Hemp, Andreas | Hengeveld, Geerten | Hérault, Bruno | Herbohn, John | Herold, Martin | Hietz, Peter | Hillers, Annika | Honorio Coronado, Eurídice | Hui, Cang | Ibanez, Thomas | Imai, Nobuo | Jagodziński, Andrzej | Jaroszewicz, Bogdan | Johannsen, Vivian Kvist | Joly, Carlos | Jucker, Tommaso | Jung, Ilbin | Karminov, Viktor | Kartawinata, Kuswata | Kearsley, Elizabeth | Kenfack, David | Kennard, Deborah | Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian | Keppel, Gunnar | Khan, Mohammed Latif | Killeen, Timothy | Kim, Hyun Seok | Kitayama, Kanehiro | Köhl, Michael | Korjus, Henn | Kraxner, Florian | Kucher, Dmitry | Laarmann, Diana | Lang, Mait | Lewis, Simon | Li, Yuanzhi | Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela | Lu, Huicui | Lukina, Natalia | Maitner, Brian | Malhi, Yadvinder | Marcon, Eric | Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes | Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur | Marshall, Andrew | Martin, Emanuel | Mccarthy, James | Meave, Jorge | Melo-Cruz, Omar | Mendoza, Casimiro | Mendoza-Polo, Irina | Miscicki, Stanislaw | Merow, Cory | Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo | Moreno, Vanessa | Mukul, Sharif | Mundhenk, Philip | Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe | Neill, David | Neldner, Victor | Nevenic, Radovan | Ngugi, Michael | Niklaus, Pascal | Ontikov, Petr | Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar | Pan, Yude | Paquette, Alain | Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander | Parfenova, Elena | Park, Minjee | Parren, Marc | Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy | Peri, Pablo | Pfautsch, Sebastian | Picard, Nicolas | Piedade, Maria Teresa F. | Piotto, Daniel | Pitman, Nigel | Poorter, Lourens | Poulsen, Axel Dalberg | Poulsen, John | Pretzsch, Hans | Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez | Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda | Richardson, Sarah | Rodeghiero, Mirco | Rolim, Samir | Roopsind, Anand | Rovero, Francesco | Rutishauser, Ervan | Saikia, Purabi | Salas-Eljatib, Christian | Saner, Philippe | Schall, Peter | Schelhaas, Mart-Jan | Schepaschenko, Dmitry | Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael | Schmid, Bernhard | Schöngart, Jochen | Searle, Eric | Seben, Vladimír | Serra-Diaz, Josep | Sheil, Douglas | Shvidenko, Anatoly | da Silva, Ana Carolina | Silva-Espejo, Javier | Silveira, Marcos | Singh, James | Sist, Plinio | Slik, Ferry | Sonké, Bonaventure | Sosinski, Enio Egon | Souza, Alexandre | Stereńczak, Krzysztof | Svenning, Jens-Christian | Svoboda, Miroslav | Swanepoel, Ben | Targhetta, Natalia | Tchebakova, Nadja | ter Steege, Hans | Thomas, Raquel | Tikhonova, Elena | Umunay, Peter | Usoltsev, Vladimir | Valencia, Renato | Valladares, Fernando | van Bodegom, Peter | van der Plas, Fons | van Do, Tran | van Nuland, Michael | Vasquez, Rodolfo | Verbeeck, Hans | Viana, Helder | Vibrans, Alexander | Vieira, Simone | von Gadow, Klaus | Wang, Hua-Feng | Watson, James | Werner, Gijsbert | Wittmann, Florian | Woell, Hannsjoerg | Wortel, Verginia | Zagt, Roderick | Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz | Zhang, Chunyu | Zhao, Xiuhai | Zhou, Mo | Zhu, Zhi-Xin | Zo-Bi, Irie | Zohner, Constantin | Institute for Integrative Biology [Zürich] (IBZ) ; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich) | Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Occitanie])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM) | AgroParisTech | This work was supported by grants to L.M. from the China Scholarship Council, to C.M.Z. from the SNF Ambizione Fellowship programme (no. PZ00P3_193646) and to T.W.C. from DOB Ecology and the Bernina Foundation. We thank RESTOR (www.restor.eco) for providing data and Google Earth Engine for analytical support. This study was in part supported by the ESA CCI Biomass project funded by the European Space Agency (4000123662/18/I-NB) and The Open Earth Monitor Project funded by the European Union. The GEO-TREES initiative (https://geo-trees.org/) contributed plot data to this study, supported by the European Space Agency, IIASA, RAINFOR, AfriTRON, ForestPlots.net, ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, TmFO, Universite de Toulouse, University of Leeds, UCL and CIRAD. The French National Forest Inventory data were downloaded by GFBi at https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/dataifn/; the Italian Forest Inventory data were downloaded by GFBi at https://inventarioforestale.org/. O. Bouriaud acknowledges funding from the Romanian National Council for Higher Education Funding, CNFIS, project no. CNFIS-FDI-2024-F-0155. J.-C.S. considers this work a contribution to Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by Danish National Research Foundation (grant no. DNRF173) and his VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant no. 16549). ForestPlots.net and RAINFOR contributions led by O.L.P. were supported by multiple sources including the Royal Society (GCRF International Collaboration Award ICA\R1\180100), the European Research Council (advanced grant no. 291585), the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/B504630/1, NE/D010306/1, NE/G012067/1, NE/D005590/1, NE/I028122/1, NE/S011811/1) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The exploratory plots of FunDivEUROPE were established through funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant no. 265171. T.M.F. was supported by a Czech Science Foundation Standard Grant (21-06446S). We thank the FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, project UIDB/04033/2020 and ICNF-Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Portugal, National Forest Inventory for support. This study used GFBi plot data originally collected in Brazil with funding by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (project 520053/1998-2). We are grateful to all the ministries and agencies from the Government of Spain that supported the collection, compilation and coordination of forest inventory data, also including the Spanish Forest Inventories. S.d.M. was supported by the Serra-Húnter fellowship provided by the Government of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya). C.A. and P. Schall thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories. We acknowledge the use of data drawn from the Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Data were sourced via the NZ National Vegetation Survey Databank. Data from T.R.F. were supported by NERC (NE/W001691/1, NE/N011570/1, NE/R017980/1). K.J.S. thanks the IBL for supporting this work by internal funds under project no. 261509 AFTER FBS—maintenance of ForBioSensing project performance indicators.