Lankesterella (Apicomplexa, Lankesterellidae) blood parasites of Passeriform birds: prevalence, molecular and morphological characterization, with notes on sporozoite persistence in vivo and development in vitro /

Birds are hosts of various apicomplexan blood parasites, whose blood stages are often similar, resulting in much ongoing debate about the taxonomic and genetic identity of some species. Parasites of several closely related apicomplexan genera can be distinguished mainly by differences in their life cycles in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Recent studies confirmed that some avian blood parasites, which were formerly attributed to the genus Hepatozoon, are genetically closely related to the amphibian parasite Lankesterella minima and might belong to the genus Lankesterella. To understand the distribution and diversity of avian Lankesterella parasites, we examined samples from wild birds, combining molecular genetics and microscopic methods. Experiments which aim for a better understanding of the life cycle of these parasites, and their host specificity, were designed. We demonstrated that avian Lankesterella parasites are more diverse than previously thought, and several species of Hepatozoon described in birds in fact belong to Lankesterella. Two new Lankesterella species parasitizing birds are described, and one species is re-described. This study contributes to a better understanding of diversity and distribution of bird Lankesterella spp. and shows directions for future research on their pathogenicity. Recent studies confirmed that some Hepatozoon-like blood parasites (Apicomplexa) of birds are closely related to the amphibian parasite Lankesterella minima. Little is known about the biology of these pathogens in birds, including their distribution, life cycles, specificity, vectors, and molecular characterization. Using blood samples of 641 birds from 16 species, we (i) determined the prevalence and molecular diversity of Lankesterella parasites in naturally infected birds; (ii) investigated the development of Lankesterella kabeeni in laboratory-reared mosquitoes, Culex pipiens forma molestus and Aedes aegypti; and (iii) tested experimentally the susceptibility of domestic canaries, Serinus canaria, to this parasite. This study combined molecular and morphological diagnostic methods and determined 11% prevalence of Lankesterella parasites in Acrocephalidae birds; 16 Lankesterella lineages with a certain degree of host specificity and two new species (Lankesterella vacuolata n. sp. and Lankesterella macrovacuolata n. sp.) were found and characterized. Lankesterella kabeeni (formerly Hepatozoon kabeeni) was re-described. Serinus canaria were resistant after various experimental exposures. Lankesterella sporozoites rapidly escaped from host cells in vitro. Sporozoites persisted for a long time in infected mosquitoes (up to 42 days post exposure). Our study demonstrated a high diversity of Lankesterella parasites in birds, and showed that several avian Hepatozoon-like parasites, in fact, belong to Lankesterella genus.