A Review on Soil Metal Contamination and its Environmental Implications

The rapid increase in heavy metal accumulation within soil ecosystems has become a significant concern due to various anthropogenic activities such as industrial processes, agricultural practices, and urbanization. These activities have led to elevated levels of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in the soil, which, when surpassing permissible limits, pose severe toxicological risks to both human health and plant life. Once heavy metals are introduced into the soil, they can be readily absorbed by plants, subsequently entering the food chain and affecting the metabolic activities of humans and animals consuming these contaminated plants. Although trace amounts of heavy metals are naturally present in the soil, their concentration beyond safe thresholds can lead to deleterious effects, including disruption of enzymatic functions, damage to cellular structures, and interference with essential biological processes. Studies have highlighted that children living in urban and industrial areas are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal exposure, which can result in cognitive impairments, developmental delays, and various other health issues. Furthermore, long-term exposure to these metals can lead to chronic diseases such as cancer, kidney dysfunction, and cardiovascular disorders. Given the escalating threat posed by soil metal contamination, it is imperative to implement stringent management practices aimed at maintaining soil chemistry within safe limits. These practices may include the remediation of contaminated sites, the adoption of sustainable agricultural methods, regular monitoring of soil quality, and the use of phytoremediation techniques to mitigate the impact of heavy metals. Ensuring the safe production of food requires a comprehensive understanding of soil dynamics and the integration of innovative strategies to prevent and control heavy metal pollution. Consequently, addressing this environmental challenge is crucial for safeguarding public health, preserving ecological balance, and promoting sustainable development.